Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Jones v. Bock

Holding that PLRA exhaustion is mandatory, and prisoners cannot bring unexhausted claims into federal court

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"

Lewis v. Casey

Holding that a prisoner must show an actual injury to state a claim for denial of access to courts

St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks

Holding that a trier of fact may infer discrimination upon rejecting an employer's proffered reason for termination

Chevron U.S.A. v. Natural Res. Def. Council

Holding that courts "must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress"

Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation

Holding the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to admit affidavits in support of standing when filed after summary judgment briefing and hearing were complete

Pennhurst State School Hosp. v. Halderman

Holding that sovereign immunity prohibits federal courts from "instruct[ing] state officials on how to conform their conduct to state law"

Troxel v. Granville

Holding statute unconstitutional as applied

Daimlerchrysler Corp. v. Cuno

Holding that an injury a plaintiff "suffers in some indefinite way in common with people generally" is not a cognizable injury-in-fact

Section 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights

Holding liable any state actor who "subjects, or causes [a person] to be subjected" to a constitutional violation

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Section 1331 - Federal question

Finding that in order to invoke federal question jurisdiction, a plaintiff's claims must arise "under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States."

Rule 15 - Amended and Supplemental Pleadings

Finding that, per N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 1024, New York law provides a more forgiving principle for relation back in the context of naming John Doe defendants described with particularity in the complaint

Rule 60 - Relief from a Judgment or Order

Granting relief from the operation of a judgment

Rule 59 - New Trial; Altering or Amending a Judgment

Allowing a party to move to alter or amend a judgment "no later than 28 days after the entry of the judgment"

Section 1391 - Venue generally

Finding that venue lies where a "substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim" occurred

Rule 52 - Findings and Conclusions by the Court; Judgment on Partial Findings

Recognizing that a "reviewing court must give due regard to the trial court's opportunity to judge the witnesses' credibility"

Section 2201 - Creation of remedy

Granting district courts the authority to create a remedy with the force of a final judgment

Section 706 - Scope of review

Granting courts jurisdiction to "compel agency action unlawfully held or unreasonably delayed"

Section 201.57 - Specific requirements on content and format of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products described in Section 201.56(b)(1)

Listing requirements for different subsections for indications, dosage, and clinical studies

Section 314.50 - Content and format of an NDA

Recognizing the proprietary nature of DSD and SP specifications by requiring that each ANDA applicant provide its own distinct specifications

Section 10.30 - Citizen petition

Describing the requirements for filing a citizens' petition

Section 10.25 - Initiation of administrative proceedings

Including forms under 21 C.F.R. § 314.50 among the forms that constitute a "petition"

Section 330.10 - Procedures for classifying OTC drugs as generally recognized as safe and effective and not misbranded, and for establishing monographs

Subjecting "[a]ny product which fails to conform to an applicable monograph" to regulatory action

Section 10.45 - Court review of final administrative action; exhaustion of administrative remedies

Providing that " request that the Commissioner take or refrain from taking any form of administrative action must first be the subject of a final administrative decision based on a petition submitted under § 10.25 . . . before any legal action is filed in a court complaining of the action or failure to act"

Section 201.100 - Prescription drugs for human use

Exempting certain approved and new drugs from the FDCA's labeling requirements for adequate directions for use

Section 201.128 - Meaning of "intended uses"

Section 201.5 - Drugs; adequate directions for use

Defining "adequate directions for use" as "directions under which the layman can use a device safely and for the purposes for which it is intended"

Section 10.85 - Advisory opinions

Providing that an FDA employee's written statement, which constitutes "an informal communication," "does not necessarily represent the formal position of FDA," a statement that by its terms contemplates that certain employee statements may do so