49 Cited authorities

  1. Ashcroft v. Iqbal

    556 U.S. 662 (2009)   Cited 263,477 times   281 Legal Analyses
    Holding court need not credit "mere conclusory statements" in complaint
  2. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

    550 U.S. 544 (2007)   Cited 276,716 times   369 Legal Analyses
    Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing
  3. Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins

    578 U.S. 330 (2016)   Cited 7,999 times   443 Legal Analyses
    Holding that a statutory violation, without more, did not give rise to Article III standing
  4. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife

    504 U.S. 555 (1992)   Cited 28,896 times   142 Legal Analyses
    Holding that the elements of standing "must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof"
  5. Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.

    528 U.S. 167 (2000)   Cited 7,392 times   25 Legal Analyses
    Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing
  6. Summers v. Earth Island Inst.

    555 U.S. 488 (2009)   Cited 3,132 times   12 Legal Analyses
    Holding that supplementation of the district court record to receive affidavits from the organization's members was not permitted "in the circumstances here: after the trial is over, judgment has been entered, and a notice of appeal has been filed"
  7. Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon

    457 U.S. 147 (1982)   Cited 5,768 times   33 Legal Analyses
    Holding that named plaintiff must prove “much more than the validity of his own claim”; the individual plaintiff must show that “the individual's claim and the class claims will share common questions of law or fact and that the individual's claim will be typical of the class claims,” explicitly referencing the “commonality” and “typicality” requirements of Rule 23
  8. Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.

    510 U.S. 517 (1994)   Cited 2,896 times   30 Legal Analyses
    Holding that under the Copyright Act fee-shifting statute, 17 U.S.C. § 505, defendants and plaintiffs are to be treated the same, contrary to the Court's interpretation of § 1988
  9. Raines v. Byrd

    521 U.S. 811 (1997)   Cited 1,826 times   10 Legal Analyses
    Holding specifically and only that "individual members of Congress [lack] Article III standing"
  10. Ingraham v. Wright

    430 U.S. 651 (1977)   Cited 4,080 times
    Holding that reasonable "corporal punishment serves important educational interests" and is therefore permissible in public schools
  11. Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

    Fed. R. Civ. P. 12   Cited 357,835 times   950 Legal Analyses
    Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss
  12. Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

    Fed. R. Civ. P. 8   Cited 162,085 times   197 Legal Analyses
    Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."
  13. Section 1601 - Congressional findings and declaration of purpose

    15 U.S.C. § 1601   Cited 7,897 times   55 Legal Analyses
    Explaining that TILA's disclosure requirements exist “so that the consumer will be able to compare more readily the various credit terms available to him and avoid the uninformed use of credit”
  14. Section 227 - Restrictions on use of telephone equipment

    47 U.S.C. § 227   Cited 5,769 times   742 Legal Analyses
    Granting exclusive jurisdiction to federal courts over actions brought by state attorney generals
  15. Section 17538.43 - Unlawful unsolicited advertisements to telephone facsimile machines

    Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17538.43   Cited 5 times   1 Legal Analyses

    (a) As used in this section, the following terms have the following meanings: (1) "Telephone facsimile machine" means equipment that has the capacity to do either or both of the following: (A) Transcribe text or images, or both, from paper into an electronic signal and to transmit that signal over a regular telephone line. (B) Transcribe text or images, or both, from an electronic signal received over a regular telephone line onto paper. (2) "Unsolicited advertisement" means any material advertising