Holding that, under CPLR former 304, filing a proposed but unexecuted order to show cause had no legal effect and did not satisfy the commencement requirements
Holding that joint participation pursuant to an agreement — express or implied — to commit a tort is necessary to impose liability on those acting in concert
Holding that a spouse's cause of action for loss of consortium is a derivative one and does not exist "independent of the injured spouse's right to maintain an action for injuries sustained."
Holding that actual notice of a particular recurring safety issue that was reasonably within the defendant's power to correct was sufficient to establish constructive notice of the specific recurrence
Finding petitioner had vested right where town approved petitioner's plan and petitioner installed various improvements on the land prior to amendments to applicable zoning ordinance
In Ballard, the petitioner failed to include a return date in her notice of petition as required by CPLR 403 when seeking review of a determination by the New York State Division of Human Rights.