59 Cited authorities

Ricci v. DeStefano
557 U.S. 557 (2009) Cited 3,055 times 30 Legal Analyses
Holding that a city's making promotion decisions based on race would violate Title VII without a "valid defense"
Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody
422 U.S. 405 (1975) Cited 2,610 times 5 Legal Analyses
Holding that an employment policy cannot stand if another policy, "without a similarly undesirable racial effect, would also serve the employer's legitimate interest"
Watson v. Fort Worth Bank Tr.
487 U.S. 977 (1988) Cited 1,375 times 7 Legal Analyses
Holding that plaintiff has burden to show that a particular employment practice "caused the exclusion of applicants for jobs or promotions because of their membership in a protected group"
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
401 U.S. 424 (1971) Cited 2,761 times 34 Legal Analyses
Holding that § 703(h) does not protect use of testing requirements with a disparate impact on racial minorities where the tests were not shown to be related to job performance
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
490 U.S. 642 (1989) Cited 979 times 20 Legal Analyses
Holding causation was not demonstrated because plaintiffs had not disproved the possibility that the overrepresentation of minority workers in lower-paying cannery positions was caused by the company's contract with a predominantly non-White labor union
Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co.
488 U.S. 469 (1989) Cited 792 times 12 Legal Analyses
Holding that expiration of challenged ordinance did not moot dispute over whether defendant's action was "unlawful and thus entitle[d] appellee to damages"
Forrest v. Jewish Guild
3 N.Y.3d 295 (N.Y. 2004) Cited 1,324 times 1 Legal Analyses
Holding that the McDonnell Douglas framework applies to discriminatory discharge claims brought pursuant to the NYSHRL
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
476 U.S. 267 (1986) Cited 502 times 7 Legal Analyses
Holding that a contractual provision in a collective bargaining agreement, which "operate[d] against whites and in favor of certain minorities," violated the Equal Protection Clause
Robinson v. Metro-North Commuter R.R. Co.
267 F.3d 147 (2d Cir. 2001) Cited 664 times 3 Legal Analyses
Holding compensatory or punitive damages sometimes permissible under Rule 23(b)
Parochial v. Board of Educ
60 N.Y.2d 539 (N.Y. 1983) Cited 824 times
Holding that § 3813's notice of claim requirement "is not satisfied by presentment to any other individual or body"
Section 2000e-2 - Unlawful employment practices
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 Cited 28,248 times 169 Legal Analyses
Adopting case law prior to June 4, 1989, “with respect to the concept of ‘alternative employment practice’ ”
Section 290 - Purposes of article
N.Y. Exec. Law § 290 Cited 2,923 times 4 Legal Analyses
Describing purpose of article as, inter alia, "to eliminate and prevent discrimination in employment"

Eugene Margerum, et al., Appellants-Respondents,v.City of Buffalo, et al., Respondents-Appellants.

59 Cited authorities

Holding that a city's making promotion decisions based on race would violate Title VII without a "valid defense"

Holding that an employment policy cannot stand if another policy, "without a similarly undesirable racial effect, would also serve the employer's legitimate interest"

Holding that plaintiff has burden to show that a particular employment practice "caused the exclusion of applicants for jobs or promotions because of their membership in a protected group"

Holding that § 703(h) does not protect use of testing requirements with a disparate impact on racial minorities where the tests were not shown to be related to job performance

Holding causation was not demonstrated because plaintiffs had not disproved the possibility that the overrepresentation of minority workers in lower-paying cannery positions was caused by the company's contract with a predominantly non-White labor union

Holding that expiration of challenged ordinance did not moot dispute over whether defendant's action was "unlawful and thus entitle[d] appellee to damages"

Holding that the McDonnell Douglas framework applies to discriminatory discharge claims brought pursuant to the NYSHRL

Holding that a contractual provision in a collective bargaining agreement, which "operate[d] against whites and in favor of certain minorities," violated the Equal Protection Clause

Holding compensatory or punitive damages sometimes permissible under Rule 23(b)

Holding that § 3813's notice of claim requirement "is not satisfied by presentment to any other individual or body"

Adopting case law prior to June 4, 1989, “with respect to the concept of ‘alternative employment practice’ ”

Describing purpose of article as, inter alia, "to eliminate and prevent discrimination in employment"