17 Cited authorities

Ricci v. DeStefano
557 U.S. 557 (2009) Cited 3,052 times 30 Legal Analyses
Holding that a city's making promotion decisions based on race would violate Title VII without a "valid defense"
Alexander v. Sandoval
532 U.S. 275 (2001) Cited 2,630 times 35 Legal Analyses
Holding that it is "beyond dispute" that banning discrimination " ‘on the ground of race’ " "prohibits only intentional discrimination"
Teamsters v. United States
431 U.S. 324 (1977) Cited 4,597 times 27 Legal Analyses
Holding that a plaintiff who did not apply for a position can still make prima facie showing if he can demonstrate his application for the position would have been futile
Washington v. Davis
426 U.S. 229 (1976) Cited 3,271 times 3 Legal Analyses
Holding that disparate impact without evidence of discriminatory intent does not violate the Equal Protection Clause
Watson v. Fort Worth Bank Tr.
487 U.S. 977 (1988) Cited 1,374 times 7 Legal Analyses
Holding that plaintiff has burden to show that a particular employment practice "caused the exclusion of applicants for jobs or promotions because of their membership in a protected group"
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
515 U.S. 200 (1995) Cited 1,056 times 11 Legal Analyses
Holding race-based affirmative action subject to strict judicial scrutiny, and noting that, “to the extent (if any) that Fullilove held federal racial classifications to be subject to a less rigorous standard, it is no longer controlling”
University of California Regents v. Bakke
438 U.S. 265 (1978) Cited 1,173 times 31 Legal Analyses
Holding that plaintiff suffered an injury when he could not compete for all places in his entering medical school class
Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co.
488 U.S. 469 (1989) Cited 792 times 12 Legal Analyses
Holding that expiration of challenged ordinance did not moot dispute over whether defendant's action was "unlawful and thus entitle[d] appellee to damages"
Shaw v. Reno
509 U.S. 630 (1993) Cited 561 times 2 Legal Analyses
Holding that the state's reapportionment plan might violate the Equal Protection Clause
Fisher v. Univ. of Tex. at Austin
570 U.S. 297 (2013) Cited 132 times 18 Legal Analyses
Ruling after cross-motions for summary judgment in a higher education case
Section 2000e-2 - Unlawful employment practices
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 Cited 28,220 times 168 Legal Analyses
Adopting case law prior to June 4, 1989, “with respect to the concept of ‘alternative employment practice’ ”

Eugene Margerum, et al., Appellants-Respondents,v.City of Buffalo, et al., Respondents-Appellants.

17 Cited authorities

Holding that a city's making promotion decisions based on race would violate Title VII without a "valid defense"

Holding that it is "beyond dispute" that banning discrimination " ‘on the ground of race’ " "prohibits only intentional discrimination"

Holding that a plaintiff who did not apply for a position can still make prima facie showing if he can demonstrate his application for the position would have been futile

Holding that disparate impact without evidence of discriminatory intent does not violate the Equal Protection Clause

Holding that plaintiff has burden to show that a particular employment practice "caused the exclusion of applicants for jobs or promotions because of their membership in a protected group"

Holding race-based affirmative action subject to strict judicial scrutiny, and noting that, “to the extent (if any) that Fullilove held federal racial classifications to be subject to a less rigorous standard, it is no longer controlling”

Holding that plaintiff suffered an injury when he could not compete for all places in his entering medical school class

Holding that expiration of challenged ordinance did not moot dispute over whether defendant's action was "unlawful and thus entitle[d] appellee to damages"

Holding that the state's reapportionment plan might violate the Equal Protection Clause

Ruling after cross-motions for summary judgment in a higher education case

Adopting case law prior to June 4, 1989, “with respect to the concept of ‘alternative employment practice’ ”