Ricci v. DeStefano

Holding that a city's making promotion decisions based on race would violate Title VII without a "valid defense"

Felder v. Casey

Holding that a state law imposing a 120–day notice-of-injury prerequisite for claims against governmental defendants is preempted in actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Grutter v. Bollinger

Holding that a race-sensitive admissions program was narrowly tailored because the consideration of race was merely one factor in the decision-making process and individualized consideration was given to each applicant

Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co.

Holding that expiration of challenged ordinance did not moot dispute over whether defendant's action was "unlawful and thus entitle[d] appellee to damages"

Forrest v. Jewish Guild

Holding that the McDonnell Douglas framework applies to discriminatory discharge claims brought pursuant to the NYSHRL

Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education

Holding that a contractual provision in a collective bargaining agreement, which "operate[d] against whites and in favor of certain minorities," violated the Equal Protection Clause

League v. Perry

Holding that political gerrymandering is unconstitutional

Lewis v. City of Chi.

Holding Evans and its progeny "establish only that a Title VII plaintiff must show a present violation within the limitations period"

Hayden v. County of Nassau

Holding that designing a policy with a racially discriminatory purpose should not be construed as a facial classification when the policy does not explicitly, or in its application, distinguish between people on the basis of a protected category

Bush v. Vera

Holding that race predominated when a legislature deliberately "spread the Black population" among several districts in an effort to "protect Democratic incumbents"

Section 1981 - Equal rights under the law

Granting equal rights to "make and enforce contracts" without regard to race

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Section 2000e-2 - Unlawful employment practices

Adopting case law prior to June 4, 1989, “with respect to the concept of ‘alternative employment practice’ ”

Section 2000e-5 - Enforcement provisions

Holding charges must be made in writing, under oath, and contain all information as the Commission requires

Section 296 - [Effective 11/16/2024] Unlawful discriminatory practices

Prohibiting discrimination because of "sexual orientation, ... sex," etc.

Section 50-E - Notice of claim

Providing that an application for leave to serve a late notice of claim shall be made to “the supreme court or to the county court”

Section 290 - Purposes of article

Describing purpose of article as, inter alia, "to eliminate and prevent discrimination in employment"

Section 50-I - Presentation of tort claims; commencement of actions

Noting that "it shall appear by and as an allegation in the complaint or moving papers that at least thirty days have elapsed since the service of such notice ... and that adjustment or payment thereof has been neglected or refused"

Section 15 - Power of governor to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons

Section 61 - Appointment and promotion

Requiring appointment of one of three highest candidates on eligible list for appointments and promotions in the competitive class