Ashcroft v. Iqbal
556 U.S. 662 (2009) Cited 255,498 times 280 Legal AnalysesHolding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable
Harris v. Mills
572 F.3d 66 (2d Cir. 2009) Cited 6,631 timesHolding that notice and opportunity to be heard before deprivation of constitutionally protected interest coupled with Article 78 post-deprivation remedy satisfied due process
Equal Emp't Opportunity Comm'n v. Waffle House, Inc.
534 U.S. 279 (2002) Cited 1,494 times 15 Legal AnalysesHolding that a private arbitration agreement between an employee and an employer could not bind a nonparty governmental agency, the EEOC, and thus that the agreement—which was enforceable against the employee under the Federal Arbitration Act—did not limit the types of remedies the agency could seek in an enforcement action it initiated under Title VII
ATSI Communications, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd.
493 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 2007) Cited 3,902 times 6 Legal AnalysesHolding that because "a plaintiff must show . . . a primary violation by the controlled person" in order to "establish a prima facie case of control[-]person liability," a plaintiff who "fails to allege any primary violation . . . cannot establish control[-]person liability"
Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P.
949 F.2d 42 (2d Cir. 1991) Cited 2,984 timesHolding that "[w]here plaintiff has actual notice of all the information in the movant's papers and has relied upon these documents in framing the complaint the necessity of translating a Rule 12(b) motion into one under Rule 56 is largely dissipated" and affirming the district court's consideration of a stock purchase agreement, offering memorandum, and stock warrant that were "integral to [plaintiffs'] complaint"
L-7 Designs, Inc. v. Old Navy, LLC
647 F.3d 419 (2d Cir. 2011) Cited 1,213 times 2 Legal AnalysesHolding that on a motion for judgment on the pleadings, a court may, in addition to the complaint itself, consider "any written instrument attached to it as an exhibit, materials incorporated in it by reference, and documents that, although not incorporated by reference, are ‘integral to the complaint"
Lerner v. Fleet Bank, N.A.
459 F.3d 273 (2d Cir. 2006) Cited 1,194 times 4 Legal AnalysesHolding that an aiding and abetting claim under New York law requires "an allegation that such defendant had actual knowledge of the breach of duty"
International Audiotext Network, Inc. v. AT&T
62 F.3d 69 (2d Cir. 1995) Cited 1,364 times 3 Legal AnalysesHolding that if a complaint "relies heavily upon [a contract's] terms and effect" the contract may be considered at the 12(b) stage even if the contract is not incorporated in or attached to the complaint
Harris v. Provident Life and Acc. Ins. Co.
310 F.3d 73 (2d Cir. 2002) Cited 515 timesHolding that a genuine issue of fact as to whether plaintiff was disabled and unable to work as a result of her disability and thus, entitled to benefits under an insurance policy with defendant precluded summary judgment on plaintiff's breach of contract claim
Johnson v. Nextel Communications, Inc.
660 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 2011) Cited 352 timesIdentifying the four elements of a breach-of-contract claim under New York law
Rule 9 - Pleading Special Matters
Fed. R. Civ. P. 9 Cited 39,136 times 321 Legal AnalysesRequiring that fraud be pleaded with particularity