462 U.S. 393 (1983) Cited 652 times 11 Legal Analyses
Holding that the employer bears the burden of negating causation in a mixed-motive discrimination case, noting "[i]t is fair that [the employer] bear the risk that the influence of legal and illegal motives cannot be separated."
Holding that "a plan qualifies as a governmental plan [under section 1002(32) ] only if ... all of the participants are employees primarily engaged in essential governmental functions rather than commercial activities"