411 U.S. 792 (1973) Cited 53,515 times 98 Legal Analyses
Holding in employment discrimination case that statistical evidence of employer's general policy and practice may be relevant circumstantial evidence of discriminatory intent behind individual employment decision
450 U.S. 248 (1981) Cited 20,285 times 9 Legal Analyses
Holding in the Title VII context that the plaintiff's prima facie case creates "a legally mandatory, rebuttable presumption" that shifts the burden of proof to the employer, and "if the employer is silent in the face of the presumption, the court must enter judgment for the plaintiff"
Holding that employer liability could arise under the principles of Restatement 219 if: the employer was negligent or reckless; or the employee relied on the supervisor's apparent authority; or the supervisor was aided in his harassment by the existence of the agency relationship
Holding not clearly erroneous district court's finding that defendant employer harassed plaintiff employee by frequent and constant "building of a file which included reports of trivial, petty, insignificant events involving [plaintiff employee]"