Apprendi v. New Jersey

Holding that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt”

In re Winship

Holding that the government must prove every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt

INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca

Holding that the phrase "well-founded fear," which is also found in 8 U.S.C. § 1101, is ambiguous

Hudson v. United States

Holding that courts must examine a statute "'on its face'" and may not consider the "'actual sanctions imposed'"

Consumer Product Safety Commission v. GTE Sylvania, Inc.

Holding that information obtained in response to a FOIA request was a "public disclosure" for purposes of the Consumer Product Safety Act

Scott v. Illinois

Holding that a criminal defendant has no Sixth Amendment right to counsel when his trial does not result in a sentence of imprisonment

Stenberg v. Carhart

Holding unconstitutional a state law that, though it aimed to ban the "D&X" abortion procedure, was written so broadly that it prohibited D&E abortions, too, which were "the most commonly used method for performing previability second trimester abortions"

Lewis v. United States

Holding that the Sixth Amendment's jury trial right does not apply to petty offenses

United States v. James

Finding legislative history did not merit a departure from the plain language of the statute

Fox v. Standard Oil Co.

Affirming the District Court's conclusion that a "resort to equity was permissible" where there "was an imperfect remedy at law"; complainant sought to "restrain the state tax commissioner from paying into the treasury" license taxes paid under protest and requested both "interlocutory and permanent relief"

Section 1101 - Definitions

Finding notice and comment rulemaking is required for the agency's interim rule recognizing fear of coercive family practices as basis for refugee status

Section 1227 - Deportable aliens

Granting this discretion to the Attorney General

Section 137.103 - Definitions for ORS 137.101 to 137.109

Adopting that definition, with limited exception, for restitution purposes

Section 131.005 - General definitions

Defining "probable cause" as meaning that "there is a substantial objective basis for believing that more likely than not an offense has been committed and a person to be arrested has committed it"

Section 19 - Petty offense defined

Defining "petty offense" to include Class B misdemeanors

Section 161.505 - "Offense" described

Defining an “offense” as “conduct for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment or to a fine is provided by any law of this state”

Section 164.043 - Theft in the third degree

Providing that theft of property valued at less than $100 chargeable as third degree theft

Section 161.615 - Maximum terms of imprisonment for misdemeanors

Setting maximum penalty for Class A misdemeanor of one year in jail

Section 161.635 - Fines for misdemeanors

Section 153.008 - Violations described

Defining "violation"