431 U.S. 324 (1977) Cited 4,612 times 27 Legal Analyses
Holding that a plaintiff who did not apply for a position can still make prima facie showing if he can demonstrate his application for the position would have been futile
487 U.S. 977 (1988) Cited 1,379 times 7 Legal Analyses
Holding that plaintiff has burden to show that a particular employment practice "caused the exclusion of applicants for jobs or promotions because of their membership in a protected group"
401 U.S. 424 (1971) Cited 2,766 times 34 Legal Analyses
Holding that ยง 703(h) does not protect use of testing requirements with a disparate impact on racial minorities where the tests were not shown to be related to job performance