Opinion
Civil Action No. 2:18cv326-RAH-CSC [WO]
02-01-2021
JUSTIN WYKOFF, Reg. No. 12248-028, Plaintiff, v. WALTER WOODS, et al., Defendants.
RECOMMENDATION OF THE MAGISTRATE JUDGE
I. INTRODUCTION
References to document numbers are to the pleadings, motions, and other materials in the court file, as compiled and designated on the docket sheet by the Clerk. Pinpoint citations are to the page of the electronically filed document in the court's CM/ECF filing system, which may not correspond to pagination on the "hard copy" of the document presented for filing.
This action under Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), is before the court on an amended complaint filed pro se by Plaintiff Justin Wykoff ("Wykoff"), an inmate at the Federal Prison Camp in Montgomery, Alabama ("FPC Montgomery"), when he initiated this case. Doc. 12; see also Doc. 2. Wykoff names as defendants Walter Woods, Warden of FPC Montgomery; Safety Supervisor Tiffany Bailey; HSA Jason Grindle; Assistant Warden Jaynell Hutchinson; Barry Briggs; and Marc Matthews. Doc. 12 at 1-2. He alleges Defendants violated his Eighth Amendment rights by subjecting him to unconstitutional conditions of confinement because a colony of bats had taken up residence in the roof spaces of his housing unit and by acting with indifference to the potential health problems from the bats' presence. Id. at 2-4. He seeks damages and injunctive relief.
Wykoff filed this action during his incarceration at the Federal Prison Camp in Montgomery. He was released from custody during the pendency of this case. See Bureau of Prisons' website, inmate locator [https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/].
Defendants filed a special report, supplemental special report, reply briefs, and supporting evidentiary materials (Docs. 19, 25, 38) addressing the claims in the amended complaint. Defendants argue this case should be dismissed because, before filing this civil action, Wykoff failed to exhaust an administrative remedy available to him at FPC Montgomery regarding his claims. Doc. 19. Defendants base their exhaustion defense on Wykoff's failure to comply with the Bureau of Prisons' ("BOP") internal administrative remedy procedure for its inmates. Id.
Defendants also argue this action is moot because a contractor was hired to eliminate the bat presence in the housing units at FPC Montgomery. Doc. 38 at 3-4. Generally, however, neither resolution of a claim nor a prisoner's transfer to another facility or release from prison moots a claim for monetary damages, McKinnon v. Talladega County, Ala., 745 F.2d 1360, 1362 (11th Cir. 1984), since a claim for monetary damages "looks back in time and is intended to redress a past injury." Adler v. Duval County Sch. Bd., 112 F.3d 1475, 1477 (11th Cir. 1997).
Upon receipt of Defendants' special report, as supplemented, the court issued orders on July 10, 2018, and August 21, 2018, providing Wykoff an opportunity to file a response. Docs. 22, 26. These orders directed Wykoff to address Defendants' arguments that "(i) he has failed to exhaust his available administrative remedies as required by 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) of the Prison Litigation Reform Act ('PLRA') [prior to filing this federal civil action]." Doc. 22 at 1-2. The order of July 10, 2018 also advised Wykoff that his response should be supported by affidavits or other appropriate evidentiary materials. Id. at 2-3; see also Doc. 26. The order further cautioned Wykoff that unless "sufficient legal cause" is shown within ten days of entry of this order "why such action should not be undertaken, . . . the court may at any time [after expiration of the time for his filing a response] and without further notice to the parties (1) treat the special report and any supporting evidentiary materials as a dispositive motion and (2) after considering any response as allowed by this order, rule on the motion in accordance with the law." Doc. 22 at 3.
Wykoff took advantage of the opportunity granted to file a response to Defendants' special report as supplemented. Docs. 23, 35. In response to Defendants' exhaustion defense, Wykoff maintains that (1) his claim falls within an "imminent danger" exception to the PLRA; (2) BOP remedies are futile or inadequate; and (3) the BOP's administrative remedy procedure is not readily available at FPC Montgomery because prison staff have limited the number of grievance forms distributed to inmates and sometimes deny requests for grievance forms, and inadequate law library materials at the prison prevent inmates from filing administrative remedies. Doc. 23 at 1-9. In response to Defendants' supplemental special report, Wykoff reiterates his contention that exhaustion of the BOP administrative remedy procedure is futile and that it was also unavailable. Doc. 35.
To support their special reports, Defendants produced institutional records and the Declarations of Grzegorz Bitner, Senior Attorney for the BOP at U.S. Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia, and Roger Warren, Jr., Wykoff's correctional counselor at FPC Montgomery. These evidentiary materials refute Wykoff's claims that he was impeded in his ability to utilize or access the BOP's administrative remedy procedure and show that, during the relevant time period, he had access to the administrative remedy. Contrary to Wykoff's conclusory and unsupported assertions, the evidentiary materials demonstrate that Wykoff could freely access the grievance procedure at FPC Montgomery. See Docs. 19-1; 25-1-25-4.
"[A]n exhaustion defense . . . is not ordinarily the proper subject for a summary judgment; instead it should be raised in a motion to dismiss, or be treated as such if raised in a motion for summary judgment." Bryant v. Rich, 530 F.3d 1368, 1374-75 (11th Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted); Trias v. Florida Dept. of Corrections, 587 F. App'x 531, 534 (11th Cir. 2014) (district court properly construed defendant's "motion for summary judgment as a motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust administrative remedies"). Therefore, this court will treat Defendants' special reports as a motion to dismiss.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Section 1997e(a) of the PLRA states that "[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The Eleventh Circuit has recognized that "[t]he plain language of the statute makes exhaustion a precondition to filing an action in federal court." Higginbottom v. Carter, 223 F.3d 1259, 1261 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting Freeman v. Francis, 196 F.3d 641, 643-44 (6th Cir. 1999)). Because exhaustion is mandated by the statute, a court has no discretion to waive this requirement. Alexander v. Hawk, 159 F.3d 1321, 1325-26 (11th Cir. 1998); see Myles v. Miami-Dade County Correctional and Rehabilitation Dept., 476 F. App'x 364, 366 (11th Cir. 2012).
Under the PLRA, a federal prisoner cannot bring a Bivens action until he has exhausted his available administrative remedies. See Alexander, 159 F.3d at 1323-24; Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 524 (2002) ("[F]ederal prisoners suing under Bivens . . . must first exhaust inmate grievance procedures just as state prisoners must exhaust administrative processes prior to instituting a [42 U.S.C.] § 1983 suit."). "[T]he PLRA's exhaustion requirement applies to all inmate suits about prison life, whether they involve general circumstances or particular episodes, and whether they allege excessive force or some other wrong." Porter, 534 U.S. at 532.
When deciding whether a prisoner has exhausted his remedies, the court should first consider the plaintiff's and the defendants' versions of the facts, and if they conflict, take the plaintiff's version of the facts as true. If in that light, the defendant is entitled to have the complaint dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies, it must be dismissed. If the complaint is not subject to dismissal at this step, then the court should make specific findings in order to resolve the disputed factual issues related to exhaustion.Myles, 476 F. App'x at 366 (citations and internal quotations omitted). Consequently, a district court
may resolve disputed factual issues where necessary to the disposition of a motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust [without a hearing]. The judge properly may consider facts outside of the pleadings to resolve a factual dispute as to exhaustion where doing so does not decide the merits, and the parties have a sufficient opportunity to develop the record.Trias, 587 F. App'x at 535. Based on the foregoing, the Eleventh Circuit has rejected an inmate-plaintiff's argument that "disputed facts as to exhaustion should be decided" only after a trial either before a jury or judge. Id. at 534.
Upon review of the amended complaint and Defendants' dispositive motion and supporting evidentiary materials, the court concludes Defendants' motion to dismiss is due to be granted.
III. DISCUSSION
Wykoff challenges the conditions of confinement at FPC Montgomery due to the presence of bats in the ceilings of his housing unit, which he suggest has subjected him to potential health problems. Defendants answer that this case should be dismissed because Wykoff did not exhaust the administrative remedy provided by the BOP for inmates to seek review of any aspect of their confinement before filing a complaint as required by the PLRA. Doc. 19; Doc. 25 at 2-5.
The PLRA compels proper exhaustion of available administrative remedies before a prisoner can seek relief in federal court in a Bivens action. Specifically, 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) states that "[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted." "Congress has provided in § 1997(e)(a) that an inmate must exhaust irrespective of the forms of relief sought and offered through administrative remedies." Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 741 n.6 (2001). "[T]he PLRA's exhaustion requirement applies to all inmate suits about prison life, whether they involve general circumstances or particular episodes, and whether they allege excessive force or some other wrong." Porter, 534 U.S. at 532. "The PLRA strengthened [the exhaustion] provision [applicable to inmate complaints] in several ways. Exhaustion is no longer left to the discretion of the district court, but is mandatory. Prisoners must now exhaust all 'available' remedies, not just those that meet federal standards. Indeed, as [the Supreme Court] held in Booth, a prisoner must now exhaust administrative remedies even where the relief sought-monetary damages-cannot be granted by the administrative remedies." Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 85 (2006) (internal citation omitted).
Exhaustion of all available administrative remedies is a precondition to litigation and a federal court cannot waive the exhaustion requirement. Booth, 532 U.S. at 741; Hawk, 159 F.3d at 1325. "[M]andatory exhaustion statutes like the PLRA establish mandatory exhaustion regimes, foreclosing judicial discretion." Ross v. Blake, 136 S.Ct. 1850, 1857 (2016). However, "[a] prisoner need not exhaust remedies if they are not available." Id. at 1855 (internal quotation marks omitted). Generally, a remedy is "available" when it has "sufficient power or force to achieve an end,[or is] capable of use for the accomplishment of a purpose[.]" Booth, 532 U.S. at 737 (internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, "the PLRA exhaustion requirement requires proper exhaustion." Woodford, 548 U.S. at 93. "Proper exhaustion demands compliance with an agency's deadlines and other critical procedural rules [as a precondition to filing suit in federal court] because no adjudicative system can function effectively without imposing some orderly structure on the courts of its proceedings. . . . Construing § 1997e(a) to require proper exhaustion . . . fits with the general scheme of the PLRA, whereas [a contrary] interpretation [allowing an inmate to bring suit in federal court once administrative remedies are no longer available] would turn that provision into a largely useless appendage." Id. at 90-91, 93. The Supreme Court reasoned that because proper exhaustion of administrative remedies is necessary an inmate cannot "satisfy the Prison Litigation Reform Act's exhaustion requirement . . . by filing an untimely or otherwise procedurally defective administrative grievance or appeal[,]" or by effectively bypassing the administrative process simply by waiting until the grievance procedure is no longer available to him. Id. at 83-84; Bryant, 530 F3d at 1378 (explaining that to exhaust administrative remedies under the PLRA, prisoners must "properly take each step within the administrative process."); Johnson v. Meadows, 418 F.3d 1152, 1157 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding that inmate who files an untimely grievance or simply spurns the administrative process until it is no longer available fails to satisfy the exhaustion requirement of the PLRA); Higginbottom, 223 F.3d at 1261 (observing that inmate's belief that administrative procedures are futile or needless does not excuse the exhaustion requirement). "The only facts pertinent to determining whether a prisoner has satisfied the PLRA's exhaustion requirement are those that existed when he filed his original complaint." Smith v. Terry, 491 F. App'x 81, 83 (11th Cir. 2012).
The BOP has established regulations setting forth the procedures a prisoner must follow before seeking relief from a district court. Gonzalez v. United States, 959 F.2d 211, 212 (11th Cir. 1992); see 28 C.F.R. § 542.10-.19. Generally, a prisoner must complete a three-step sequential process if the informal resolution procedure—sometimes referred to as a BP-8—fails to resolve the issue. As to the formal administrative remedy procedures, an inmate first must submit a Request for Administrative Remedy on the BP-9 grievance form to the Warden within twenty days of the incident. See 28 C.F.R. § 542.14(a). If the inmate is not satisfied with the Warden's response, he may submit an appeal on the BP-10 form to the Regional Director within twenty days of the Warden's response. See 28 C.F.R. § 542.15(a). If the inmate is dissatisfied with the Regional Director's response, he may submit an appeal on the BP-11 form to the General Counsel within thirty days of the Regional Director's response. Id.; see Doc. 19-1. at 3-5: Doc. 25-1 at 3-4.
With their special report, Defendants produced the Declaration of Grzegorz Bitner, Senior Attorney for the BOP at U.S. Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia. Doc. 19-1. Bitner avers that, in his official capacity, he has access to official records maintained by the BOP and is familiar with the administrative remedy for inmates set forth in the BOP Program Statement 1330.18 and 28 C.F.R. part 542, subpart B. See id. at 2-6. Bitner states he is familiar with the BOP computer system—SENTRY—which contains inmate information, including tracking information of administrative remedies filed by inmates. Id. at 3. Bitner further states he has reviewed the SENTRY records for Wykoff, and those records reflect Wykoff filed two administrative remedies that were unrelated to the bat-infestation problem at FPC Montgomery but filed no administrative remedies regarding the bat-infestation problem, i.e., the subject matter of his complaint. Id. at 6.
Defendants also submitted the Declaration of Roger Warren, Jr, Wykoff's correctional counselor at FPC Montgomery. Doc 25-1. Warren states that as a correctional counselor, he is responsible for the administrative remedy requests of inmates assigned as part of his Unit Team at FPC Montgomery and he was Wykoff's correctional counselor during his incarceration at the facility. Warren reviewed BOP records of administrative remedy requests submitted by Wykoff during his time in BOP custody and states those records show that Wykoff has filed three administrative remedies while in BOP but has filed no administrative remedies regarding the bat-infestation issue at FPC Montgomery. Doc 25-1 at 4-6. Warren further states:
Inmates typically begin the administrative remedy process at FPC Montgomery by requesting a BP-8 or BP-9 from me or their respective Correctional Counselor. Once an inmate requests a BP 8 or 9 from me or their Correctional Counselor, I log it into my administrative remedy logbook. My logbook [ ] tracks the inmate's name, register number, date of issue of the administrative remedy, the date of the attempted informal resolution, the response date, the actual administrative remedy tracking number, and reason for [f]iling.
Plaintiff has never requested a BP-8 or BP-9 from me for the purposes of making claims related to bats or any other issues. I have never denied Plaintiff or any inmate at any time their request for a BP-8 or BP-9 for any issue. If a Correctional Counselor denies an administrative remedy to an inmate, the inmate may ask the Correctional Counselor's supervisor, the Unit Manager, for an administrative remedy. Additionally, an inmate may ask any staff member, including any member of the Executive Staff, including the Warden, at FPC Montgomery, for an administrative remedy. Executive Staff, including the Warden, typically stand "main line" and if made aware of the denial of an administrative remedy, could ensure compliance with BOP policy by directing the offending staff member to issue the administrative remedy. Lastly, if all the staff at a BOP institution denied an inmate all access to administrative remedies, the inmate could and should write and file an administrative remedy with their respective BOP Regional Office.
Since December 1, 2017, through August 1, 2018, inmates at FPC Montgomery have filed 62 administrative remedies. None of these 62 administrative remedies concern bats. During this time period, Plaintiff has filed one administrative remedy. In this administrative remedy, Plaintiff alleged that legal materials were not present at the law library at FPC Montgomery. Of note, Plaintiff properly submitted this remedy to Central Office on July 26, 2018. As stated above, I have never denied Plaintiff access to the administrative remedy process at FPC Montgomery. See [Doc. 25-3].
Additionally, during this time period inmates at FPC Montgomery have appealed to [the] Central Office through the administrative remedy process 36 times. See [Doc. 25-4].Doc 32-1 at 4-6 (paragraph numbers omitted; footnote renumbered).
The Warden, or any other staff member at FPC Montgomery, have never instructed me, either directly or indirectly, to not issue administrative remedies to FPC Montgomery inmates related to the issue of bats or any other issues.
"'Main line' refers to the time during breakfast, lunch, and dinner when members of the Executive Staff, and other members of non-custody staff, stand at the entrance (or inside the cafeteria) and are available to answer any questions inmates may have." Doc. 25-1 at 5 n.1.
The record reflects that Wykoff did not properly utilize the BOP's administrative remedy process regarding the claims in his amended complaint. He skipped the process altogether. By skipping the process, he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies before filing this case. See Woodford, 548 U.S. at 90-91. Wykoff asserts that the process was unavailable because (1) forms for filing grievances are not readily available to inmates at FPC Montgomery and prison staff sometimes deny inmate requests for the forms; and (2) numerous inmates made a formal grievance to the Warden at FPC Montgomery regarding the bat-infestation problem and the Warden asked the inmates to give him time to resolve the problem, including the clean-up of the effects from the bats' presence, before the inmates filed any actions. See Doc. 23 at 1-9. According to Wykoff, because he relied on the Warden's assurances that inmates' concerns would be addressed, the administrative remedy process was unavailable and inadequate. Id. at 2-3, 6-9.
Wykoff also contends he should be excused from the PLRA's exhaustion requirement due to "imminent danger" of serious injury. The "imminent danger" exception is available to inmates who have previously received three strikes under the PLRA and therefore are no longer permitted to proceed in forma pauperis. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). The "imminent danger" exception, however, does not excuse the exhaustion requirement under the PLRA. See McAlphin v. Toney, 375 F.3d 753 (8th Cir. 2004) (refusing to recognize "imminent danger" exception to PLRA's exhaustion requirement and holding inmate who was allowed to proceed in forma pauperis under imminent danger exception to "three strikes" restriction was still required to meet exhaustion requirement of PLRA); see also Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 741 n.6 (2001) (explaining that courts are not to read futility or other exceptions into the § 1997e(a) exhaustion requirement). --------
The Supreme Court has delineated three circumstances that may render administrative remedies unavailable:
(1) when the administrative procedure "operates as a simple dead end—with officers unable or consistently unwilling to provide any relief to aggrieved inmates"; (2) where the administrative scheme is "so opaque that it becomes . . . incapable of use . . . [and] no ordinary prisoner can discern or navigate it"; and (3) when "prison administrators thwart inmates from taking advantage of a grievance process through machination, misrepresentation, or intimidation."Geter v. Baldwin State Prison, 974 F.3d 1348, 1355 (11th Cir. 2020) (quoting Ross, 136 S.Ct. at 1859-60).
The record establishes that the BOP has an administrative remedy program available to inmates and that Wykoff had this administrative remedy available to him during his confinement at FPC Montgomery. Wykoff's assertions that the administrative remedy process was unavailable—(1) because the Warden at FPC Montgomery indicated he would correct the bat-infestation problem but then failed to act; and (2) because the necessary grievance forms are not readily available or are sometimes denied, and there are inadequate law library materials at the prison—are insufficient. Wykoff's assertions are vague and conclusory and without factual detail or context; thus, they fail to demonstrate the administrative remedy procedure was not available to him. For instance, Wykoff does not state that he personally sought a BP-8, BP-9, or any other grievance form from his correctional counselor or any other prison staff at FPC Montgomery to initiate the administrative remedy process regarding the bat-infestation issue. Nor does he state forthrightly that prison staff refused an actual request from him that he be provided with a grievance form. Wykoff also does not specify the library materials he needed to file and pursue an administrative remedy but was denied access to. Even accepting Wykoff's allegations as true, Wykoff fails to demonstrate that the administrative remedy process was unavailable to him.
Here, the evidentiary record demonstrates that, despite any contentions Wykoff raises to the contrary, Wykoff had an administrative remedy available to him during his confinement at FPC Montgomery. But Wykoff failed to exhaust the three-tiered administrative remedy process set forth at 28 C.F.R. §§ 542.10-.19 regarding his claims. Despite the availability of an administrative remedy procedure and his access thereto, Wykoff filed no administrative remedy regarding the subject matter of this action. Wykoff has also failed to demonstrate that the administrative process was otherwise unavailable to him under the circumstances set forth in Ross, 136 S.Ct. at 1859-60. Further, the record shows the administrative remedy is no longer available to Wykoff because he is no longer incarcerated. Dismissal with prejudice is therefore appropriate. Bryant, 530 F.3d at 1375 n.1; Johnson, 418 F.3d at 1157; Marsh v. Jones, 53 F.3d 707, 710 (5th Cir. 1995) (holding that "[w]ithout the prospect of a dismissal with prejudice, a prisoner could evade the exhaustion requirement by filing no administrative grievance or by intentionally filing an untimely one, thereby foreclosing administrative remedies and gaining access to a federal forum without exhausting administrative remedies."); Berry v. Kerik, 366 F.3d 85, 88 (2nd Cir. 2004) (footnotes omitted) (holding that inmate's "federal lawsuits [were] properly dismissed with prejudice" where previously available administrative remedies had become unavailable).
IV. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, it is the RECOMMENDATION of the Magistrate Judge that:
1. Defendants' motion to dismiss (Docs. 19, 25) be GRANTED to the extent Defendants seek dismissal of this case due to Plaintiff's failure to properly exhaust an administrative remedy available to him during his confinement at FPC Montgomery before initiating this civil action.
2. This case be DISMISSED with prejudice under 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) for Plaintiff's failure to properly exhaust an administrative remedy previously available to him at FPC Montgomery.
3. No costs be taxed.
It is further
ORDERED that the parties shall file any objections to this Recommendation by February 14, 2021. A party must specifically identify the factual findings and legal conclusions in the Recommendation to which objection is made; frivolous, conclusive, or general objections will not be considered. Failure to file written objections to the Magistrate Judge's findings and recommendations under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) shall bar a party from a de novo determination by the District Court of legal and factual issues covered in the Recommendation and waives the right of the party to challenge on appeal the District Court's order based on unobjected-to factual and legal conclusions accepted or adopted by the District Court except upon grounds of plain error or manifest injustice. Nettles v. Wainwright, 677 F.2d 404 (5th Cir. 1982); 11TH CIR. R. 3-1. See Stein v. Lanning Securities, Inc., 667 F.2d 33 (11th Cir. 1982). See also Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).
DONE this 1st day of February, 2021.
/s/ Charles S. Coody
CHARLES S. COODY
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE