Summary
noting subsequent panels have consistently upheld the elements of a tortious interference claim outlined in Northern Plumbing
Summary of this case from National Sign Signal v. LivingstonOpinion
Docket No. 138545.
Submitted November 16, 1993, at Lansing.
Decided February 7, 1994, at 9:20 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Sommers, Schwartz, Silver Schwartz, P.C. (by Patrick Burkett), for the plaintiff.
Buesser, Buesser, Blank, Lynch, Fryhoff Graham (by Neil K. Disney and William R. Buesser) ( Bendure Thomas, by Mark R. Bendure, of Counsel), for the defendants.
Before: GRIFFIN, P.J., and CONNOR and CORRIGAN, JJ.
Defendants appeal as of right from an order of the circuit court granting judgment to plaintiff in the amount of $92,228.40, plus interest, following a jury trial in this action alleging breach of contract and tort. Plaintiff cross appeals from an order of the circuit court denying his motion for costs. We affirm.
I
On July 10, 1986, plaintiff commenced the instant action seeking an accounting and damages for claims arising from his alleged "partnership" with defendant Andrew F. Valenti in the law firm, Andrew F. Valenti, P.C., between 1975 and 1982. Before trial, plaintiff amended his complaint to allege that he was denied compensation owed by defendants under the parties' partnership agreement and that he was entitled to fees pursuant to a separate agreement regarding a case in the Court of Claims on which both parties worked. Plaintiff also sought damages for Valenti's alleged intentional interference with an advantageous business relationship plaintiff had in 1985 by sending a "lien" letter to one of plaintiff's clients.
On September 9, 1986, defendants counterclaimed against plaintiff for breach of contract. Defendants alleged that plaintiff breached his employment agreement with Andrew F. Valenti, P.C., by taking checks for legal fees owed to the law firm and converting those checks to his own benefit.
At the conclusion of the jury trial held in the present case, plaintiff also argued, on the basis of the testimony at trial, that he was entitled to a percentage of the fees from certain defense cases he had brought into the office. The trial court agreed and allowed the claim to be presented to the jury. Although the jury found that plaintiff was not a partner in the firm of Andrew F. Valenti, P.C., it determined that plaintiff was entitled to forty percent of the defense fees that he brought into the firm. Additionally, the jury awarded plaintiff $100,000 for his claim of tortious interference. Plaintiff's damages for the tortious interference were set off by the jury's award of $94,000 for defendants' counterclaim for breach of contract.
II
Defendants first argue on appeal that the trial court erred in allowing plaintiff to amend his complaint after trial to add a new claim of breach of contract. We disagree. Even assuming that defendants properly objected to the admission of the evidence not included within the pleadings at trial, see Dacon v Transue, 441 Mich. 315, 323-324; 490 N.W.2d 369 (1992), we find that defendants were not prejudiced by the amendment. Reasonable notice that plaintiff intended to assert the claim at trial was provided to defendants in the parties' final pretrial order entered on January 19, 1989. See id. at 334. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing plaintiff to amend his complaint.
The parties' final pretrial order clearly indicated that plaintiff sought recovery under a separate agreement that plaintiff alleged entitled him to forty percent of all defense fees brought into the firm by plaintiff. The pretrial order set out plaintiff's alternative claims:
A) Claimed by Plaintiff
1. A percentage of the law firm's profits for the period of 1/76 to 7/82, the amount of which is not known.
2. 40% of all defense work brought into the firm by Plaintiff. Plaintiff is only able to estimate this amount as $77,673.40. The actual amount may be higher.
III
Defendants further argue that the trial court erred in refusing to conduct an accounting or to consider office overhead or salary advances in determining the amounts due plaintiff on his newly presented claim of breach of contract. We disagree and decline to review defendants' claims because they have failed to cite any authority to support their claims. See Patterson v Allegan Co Sheriff, 199 Mich. App. 638, 640; 502 N.W.2d 368 (1993); Byrne v Schneider's Iron Metal, Inc, 190 Mich. App. 176, 183; 475 N.W.2d 854 (1991).
IV
Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in denying defendants' motion for a directed verdict regarding plaintiff's claim of tortious interference with a business relationship. We disagree. In reviewing a motion for a directed verdict, we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, Bradley v Philip Morris, Inc (On Remand), 199 Mich. App. 194, 197; 501 N.W.2d 246 (1993), to determine whether a question of fact for the jury existed, Schutte v Celotex Corp, 196 Mich. App. 135, 138; 492 N.W.2d 773 (1992). We will not reverse a trial court's decision to deny a motion for a directed verdict in the absence of an abuse of discretion. Schutte, supra.
We reject defendants' contention that plaintiff failed to prove any damages that are compensable under the law. Plaintiff's award of damages for the claim of tortious interference was supported by ample evidence of "pecuniary" harm. Cf. Getman v Mathews, 125 Mich. App. 245, 249; 335 N.W.2d 671 (1983). Additionally, defendants rely on Northern Plumbing Heating, Inc v Henderson Bros, Inc, 83 Mich. App. 84, 93; 268 N.W.2d 296 (1978), quoting 45 Am Jur 2d, Interference, § 50, p 322, to support their claim that tortious interference with a business relationship only arises under circumstances in which improper conduct by a defendant causes or induces another not to deal with the plaintiff:
"The basic elements which establish a prima facie tortious interference with a business relationship are the existence of a valid business relation (not necessarily evidenced by an enforceable contract) or expectancy; knowledge of the relationship or expectancy on the part of the interferer; an intentional interference inducing or causing a breach or termination of the relationship or expectancy; and resultant damage to the party whose relationship or expectancy has been disrupted. One is liable for commission of this tort who interferes with business relations of another, both existing and prospective, by inducing a third person not to enter into or continue a business relation with another or by preventing a third person from continuing a business relation with another."
In addressing defendants' claim, we note that subsequent panels of this Court have consistently applied the elements of tortious interference set forth in Northern Plumbing in accordance with 4 Restatement Torts, 2d, §§ 766B, 767. See Feaheny v Caldwell, 175 Mich. App. 291, 300-301; 437 N.W.2d 358 (1989); Bonelli v Volkswagen of America, Inc, 166 Mich. App. 483, 499-500; 421 N.W.2d 213 (1988); Weitting v McFeeters, 104 Mich. App. 188, 197; 304 N.W.2d 525 (1981). Under the Restatement 2d, liability may be imposed for improper conduct that prevents either party from continuing a business relationship:
See also Eserhut v Heister, 52 Wn. App. 515, 518-519; 762 P.2d 6 (1988). This Court in Woody v Tamer, 158 Mich. App. 764, 774-775; 405 N.W.2d 213 (1987), has recognized in imposing liability for the related tort of tortious interference with an existing contractual relationship that a defendant's actions may focus on either party to the contract. The panel in Woody reached its result in reliance on 4 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 766A, p 17. Id.
One who intentionally and improperly interferes with another's prospective contractual relation (except a contract to marry) is subject to liability to the other for the pecuniary harm resulting from loss of the benefits of the relation, whether the interference consists of
(a) inducing or otherwise causing a third person not to enter into or continue the prospective relation, or
(b) preventing the other from acquiring or continuing the prospective relation. [4 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 766B, p 20.]
Here, plaintiff testified at trial that Valenti improperly sent a "lien" letter to plaintiff's major client, Hastings Mutual Insurance Company, approximately three years after the termination of their employment relationship. As a result of the letter, plaintiff did not receive any payment from Hastings for approximately a year. Plaintiff further testified that his business relationship with Hastings ended after he could no longer adequately continue representing Hastings because of the adverse financial effect of the letter.
We agree with the authors of the Restatement 2d, that such acts by a defendant are sufficient to support a claim of tortious interference with a business relationship. A defendant's actions may focus on either party to a business relationship and still result in the imposition of liability on the defendant for an intentional interference. To the extent that our holding conflicts with our prior decision in Northern Plumbing, we decline to follow Northern Plumbing. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendants' motion for a directed verdict.
V
Defendants further argue that the trial court erred in rejecting defendants' proposed instruction regarding the claim of tortious interference requiring that the jury find that the interference was improper. We disagree. This Court will not reverse as a result of an erroneous jury charge except where the failure to reverse would be inconsistent with substantial justice. McLemore v Detroit Receiving Hosp Univ Medical Center, 196 Mich. App. 391, 399; 493 N.W.2d 441 (1992). Although we agree with defendants that the trial court erred in failing to give the requested instruction, see Bonelli, supra at 498-499, we find that the error was harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence adduced at trial that the interference was improper. McLemore, supra.
SJI2d 126.04 was added in March 1993 to define improper interference. Our Supreme Court has recently proposed amending SJI2d 126.04 "to make clear that improper interference requires both the absence of justification and the purpose of interfering with plaintiff's contractual rights or plaintiff's business relationship or expectancy." 72 Mich B J 1354 (1993).
VI
Defendants next contend that the trial court erred in refusing to allow rebuttal testimony to rebut plaintiff's claim that Hastings did not terminate its relationship with plaintiff until after it received the "lien" letter. We disagree. We review decisions regarding the admission of rebuttal testimony for an abuse of discretion. People v Bettistea, 173 Mich. App. 106, 126; 434 N.W.2d 138 (1988). Rebuttal testimony is used to contradict, explain, or refute evidence presented by the other party in order to weaken it or impeach it. People v Leo, 188 Mich. App. 417, 422; 470 N.W.2d 423 (1991). The purpose of rebuttal evidence is to undercut an opponent's case, and a party may not introduce evidence competent as part of his case in chief during rebuttal unless permitted to do so by the court. See Sullivan Industries, Inc v Double Seal Glass Co, Inc, 192 Mich. App. 333, 348; 480 N.W.2d 623 (1991). In the present case, the rebuttal testimony offered by defendants could have been introduced during defendants' case in chief. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that the evidence was inadmissible. Sullivan Industries, supra.
VII
On cross appeal, we decline to review plaintiff's claim that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to grant his motion for costs because he has failed to cite any supporting authority for his claim. This Court will not search for authority to support a party's position. Patterson, supra; Gubin v Lodisev, 197 Mich. App. 84, 92; 494 N.W.2d 782 (1992).
Affirmed.