Summary
In Weinberger(supra, p 298) the Court of Appeals observed, "Agreements between parents for a particular sort of religious upbringing have in general been held valid in this country.
Summary of this case from Perlstein v. PerlsteinOpinion
Argued October 3, 1932
Decided November 22, 1932
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department.
Jacob J. Alexander and Emanuel Schwach for appellant.
Abraham Reiss and Harold Greenberg for respondent.
The complaint alleged, in substance, the following facts: On September 3d 1929, the infant plaintiff was being supported in Holland by an uncle, in whose custody and care he then was. On that day the defendant entered into an agreement with the plaintiff's mother to the effect that if she would go to Holland, induce her brother to surrender the custody of the infant, bring the infant to New York and permit the defendant thereafter during the natural life of the infant to direct his education and control his religious and moral upbringing, the defendant would, during his natural life, support him and direct his moral education and training — the defendant at all times to have access to the infant so that he might enjoy his companionship and society. The mother did go to Holland and induced her brother to surrender the care, custody and control of the infant, thereby depriving him of the support and maintenance which he was receiving from his uncle. She brought the child to New York in November, 1929, and placed him in the care of the defendant. Thereafter the defendant attended to the religious training and education of the child, and had his companionship and society, contributing to his care, maintenance and education $6,000 per annum. Since September 15th, 1931, defendant has failed and refused to perform the terms of the agreement. The infant plaintiff and his mother have performed all the terms of the agreement on their part, and are ready, able and willing to continue performance. It is then alleged that the plaintiff has no adequate remedy at law.
Defendant moved to dismiss the complaint for insufficiency. The motion was denied, and the order of denial was affirmed by a divided court in the Appellate Division, which has certified to this court the following question: "Does the complaint state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action in equity?"
The difference of opinion in the Appellate Division was over the question of mutuality of remedy. There was no promise, it is said, by the child or his mother, under which defendant could have an enforceable right to direct the child's education and to control his religious and moral upbringing. Whether there was a promise or not may be debatable. ( Wood v. Duff-Gordon, 222 N.Y. 88.) But even though there was none, the contract has been performed up to the present; and the child and his guardian have assumed the duty of performance by invoking the aid of equity. Their continued performance may be made a condition of the decree, if a decree be entered. ( Epstein v. Gluckin, 233 N.Y. 490; Codding v. Wamsley, 1 Hun, 585; affd., 60 N.Y. 644.) The contract does not differ essentially from those considered in Winne v. Winne ( 166 N.Y. 263); Healy v. Healy ( 166 N.Y. 624) and Ketcham v. Wilbur ( 241 N.Y. 516). The fact that the agreement here is still partly executory does not serve to distinguish this case from those. ( Q.R.S. Co. v. Phillips-Jones Corp., 194 App. Div. 170; affd., 233 N.Y. 626.) Suit may be maintained under the contract by plaintiff. It is sufficient that there is a close relationship between the promisee and the beneficiary, without the necessity of relationship between the promisor and beneficiary. ( Seaver v. Ransom, 224 N.Y. 233; DeCicco v. Schweizer, 221 N.Y. 431.)
It is further said that specific performance will not lie under the facts pleaded since the contract calls only for payments of money and those payments are to continue over a lifetime. The point is not without difficulty. The mere fact of infancy does not serve as a ground for suit in equity. But while the contract does not deal with the full custody of the child, it is concerned not only with the material matter of physical maintenance, but also with the mental, moral and religious training of the child. Any decree made herein must to some extent regulate the intercourse between plaintiff and defendant. While the court will not take the question of a child's religious education into its own hands, short of circumstances amounting to unfitness of the custodian, it must on occasion decree partial custody, including the right of religious education according to the views of the custodian. No question of public policy arises out of this phase of the contract. Agreements between parents for a particular sort of religious upbringing have in general been held valid in this country. (See 29 Harvard Law Rev. 485; Denton v. James, 107 Kan. 729.) We have then a case probably falling within the traditional jurisdiction of the chancery (3 Pomeroy on Equity Jurisprudence [4th ed.], §§ 1303-1310), although the defendant is not a relative of the child.
The order should be affirmed, with costs, and the question certified answered in the affirmative.
POUND, Ch. J., CRANE, LEHMAN, KELLOGG, O'BRIEN and HUBBS, JJ., concur.
Order affirmed, etc.