Opinion
23-CR-086-JFH
08-10-2023
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. RALPH GENE CARLOSS, Defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER
JOHN F. HEIL, III UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Before the Court is a motion to dismiss (“Motion”) filed by Defendant Ralph Gene Carloss (“Defendant”). Dkt. No. 32. The United States of America (“Government”) opposes the Motion. Dkt. No. 33. Defendant obtained leave to file a reply. Dkt. No. 34; Dkt. No. 35; Dkt. No. 37.For the reasons stated, the Motion is DENIED.
The Court notes Defendant's reply brief was twelve (12) pages long in contravention of the Court's scheduling order, which states that reply briefs shall be limited to five (5) pages. Dkt. No. 29 at 3.
BACKGROUND
Defendant is charged with one count of felon in possession of firearm and ammunition in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(8). Dkt. No. 4. He is set for trial on August 28, 2023. Dkt. No. 29.
AUTHORITY AND ANALYSIS
In 2022, the Supreme Court examined the Second Amendment's constitutional protection of the right to keep and bear arms. New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass'n, Inc. v. Bruen, 142 S.Ct. 2111 (2022). Bruen did not concern a criminal statute. Rather, it involved a challenge to federal firearms licensing. Id. The decision included a nuanced discussion of Second Amendment caselaw and announced a new rule for evaluating firearms regulation: “[T]he government must affirmatively prove that its firearms regulation is part of the historical tradition that delimits the outer bounds of the right to keep and bear arms.” Id. at 2127.
Defendant moves for dismissal based on Bruen, arguing that the federal felon-inpossession statute codified at 18 U.S.C. 922(g) violates the Second Amendment. Dkt. No. 32 at 1. He acknowledges that “dozens” of district courts have rejected similar challenges but asks the Court to follow the reasoning of a recent decision issued in the Southern District of Mississippi: United States v. Bullock, ___ F.Supp.3d ___, 2023 WL 4232309 (S.D.Miss. June 28, 2023). Defendant also acknowledges that Bullock is not binding on this Court, yet he “respectfully requests that this Court follow its well-reasoned analysis and application of Bruen, which is binding on this Court.” Dkt. No. 32 at 5.
According to Bullock, more than 120 district court decisions have been issued rejecting § 922(g) Bruen challenges. 2023 WL 4232309 at *1. The Government's response brief says there are 280 district court decisions upholding § 922(g)'s constitutionality under the Second Amendment but does not specify whether this number includes preBruen decisions. Dkt. No. 33 at 5 n.2.
The Tenth Circuit has not examined § 922(g) since the Bruen decision. In this District, however, Judge Ronald A. White rejected a post-Bruen § 922(g) challenge on stare decisis grounds. United States v. Triplett-Armstrong, Case No. 22-CR-91-RAW, Dkt. No. 104 (E.D. Okla. Dec. 30, 2022). Judge White explained:
A district court in the Tenth Circuit is bound by Tenth Circuit precedent. While a district court has an obligation to follow the Supreme Court where an intervening decision of that Court directly or implicitly reverses Tenth Circuit precedent, a district court must be extremely careful in concluding that circuit precedent is no longer good law, and should only deviate from such authority where it is powerfully convinced that the circuit will overrule itself at the next available opportunity.Id. at 1-2 (citing United States v. Wehunt, 230 F.Supp.3d 838, 846 (E.D. Tenn. 2017)). After examining pre-Bruen Tenth Circuit precedent on § 922(g) and post-Bruen decisions on § 922(g) from other courts, Judge White concluded that he was not “powerfully convinced” that the Tenth Circuit would find the statute to be unconstitutional, and he accordingly denied the defendant's motion to dismiss. 22-CR-91-RAW, Dkt. No. 104, at 2.
Wehunt, in turn, explained that district courts should tread carefully if a Supreme Court decision “neither expressly nor implicitly overrules the prior [circuit] decision” because “sub silentio overruling of a Court of Appeals decision by a Supreme Court case resting on different facts is a rare occurrence.” 230 F.Supp.3d at 846 (quotations omitted). The caution expressed in Wehunt is appropriate here, as Bruen addressed civil rather than criminal firearms regulation and thus did not expressly or implicitly overrule appellate decisions concerning § 922(g).
This Court believes Judge White's approach is most appropriate. The issue of Bruen's impact on federal firearms law is a developing area of jurisprudence. This Court recognizes that opinions by well-respected judges reach conflicting conclusions. Compare United States v. Mayfield, ___ F.Supp.3d ___, 2023 WL 2386322 (N.D. Okla. Mar. 6, 2023) (Frizzell, J.) with Bullock, 2023 WL 4232309 (Reeves, J.). Judge Frizzell's and Judge Reeves' decisions illustrate that reasonable minds can and do differ on the topic. In this Court's view, Judge Frizzell's facial challenge analysis set out in Mayfield and United States v. Coombes, 629 F.Supp.3d 1149 (N.D. Okla. 2022) v is well-reasoned, and this Court would adopt it if it believed a historical analysis were necessary at this juncture.
Indeed, a circuit split is developing on the issue. The Third Circuit reversed itself en banc and held that § 922(g)(1) could not “constitutionally strip [a felon bringing an as-applied challenge] of his Second Amendment rights.” Range v. Att'y Gen., 69 F.4th 96, 106 (3d Cir. 2023). However, the Eighth Circuit has twice recently upheld § 922(g)(1)'s constitutionality postBruen in published decisions. United States v. Cunningham, 70 F.4th 502, 506 (8th Cir. 2023); United States v. Jackson, 69 F.4th 495 (8th Cir. 2023). The Fifth Circuit has rejected § 922(g)(1) Bruen challenges on plain error review in multiple recent unpublished decisions. See, e.g., United States v. Garza, 2023 WL 4044442 (5th Cir. June 15, 2023); United States v. Hickcox, 2023 WL 3075054 (5th Cir. Apr. 25, 2023). And the Seventh Circuit recently remanded a case for further proceedings at the district level because “[t]he parties' briefing on appeal only scratche[d] the surface of the historical analysis now required by Bruen.” Atkinson v. Garland, 70 F.4th 1018 (7th Cir. 2023).
Defendant does not raise an as-applied challenge, so this Court does not opine on the as-applied discussion in Coombes.
Given the ongoing nature of this open question of law, the Court is not “powerfully convinced” that the Tenth Circuit will overrule itself when it takes up the question of § 922(g) and Bruen. Accordingly, the Court will follow existing binding Tenth Circuit caselaw, which requires rejection of Defendant's constitutional challenge and denial of Defendant's Motion. United States v. McCane, 573 F.3d 1037 (10th Cir. 2009); United States v. Baer, 235 F.3d 561 (10th Cir. 2000).
CONCLUSION
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendant's motion to dismiss [Dkt. No. 32] is DENIED.