Opinion
A96A1791.
DECIDED FEBRUARY 26, 1997.
Negligence. Crisp Superior Court. Before Judge Faircloth.
Dozier, Lee, Graham Sikes, Lester A. Dozier, Jr., for appellants. Ellis Easterlin, George R. Ellis, Jr., for appellee.
Richard Sutton was injured while he was a spectator in the pit area at an automobile race held at Interstate Raceway, a business owned at the time by Ben Sumner. Sutton was hit and injured by a racecar being towed by a wrecker in the pit area. He sued Sumner claiming the wrecker driver was Sumner's employee and that Sumner was vicariously liable for the injury caused by the driver's negligent operation of the wrecker. Sutton's wife brought a loss of consortium claim against Sumner based on the injury. In addressing Sumner's motion for summary judgment, the trial court found that a factual issue existed as to whether the wrecker driver was Sumner's employee. Nevertheless, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Sumner concluding that Sutton knew the dangers of watching the race from the pit area and assumed the risk of the injury he incurred. The Suttons appeal.
Sutton was an experienced automobile racing spectator. When he attended races at Interstate Raceway, he usually paid an extra admission fee which entitled him to watch the race from the pit area inside the oval racetrack instead of from the usual spectator area in the grandstands located outside the racetrack. He testified on deposition that he had on previous occasions signed a waiver form to release the raceway from liability for any personal injuries he might receive in the pit area, but he did not sign such a waiver form prior to entering the pit area on the day he was injured. He was well aware that the pit area of the raceway was a place of continuous activity where racecars enter and exit to be serviced and repaired during the race. He testified that when he watched a race from the pit area he expected to be in close proximity to racecars coming and going and to all the pit area activities and that he knew the risk of being hit by a racecar was greater in the pit area than it was in the spectator grandstands. Sutton testified that it was common to observe damaged racecars being towed by a wrecker into the pit area for repairs. He further testified that he commonly saw racecars lifted from the rear while being towed, leaving only the front wheels on the ground, and that when cars were towed in this position he observed that a driver would remain in the car to steer the front wheels. He knew that when a racecar was being towed in this position it was necessary for someone to remain in the car and steer the front wheels in order to insure that the car followed the wrecker in a straight line.
The record reflects that Sutton's wife did sign a waiver of liability form when she entered the pit area with her husband on the day he was injured. The trial court did not rule on the effect of this waiver on the loss of consortium claim, and the waiver form is not in the record on appeal. Accordingly, we do not address the effect of any waiver form signed by Sutton's wife.
On the date of the injury, Sutton was watching a race from the pit area and saw a racecar being towed by a wrecker from the rear into the pit area. He observed that, as usual, the racecar was being steered by a driver as it was being towed. He watched the wrecker come to a stop a short distance from him and then turned away from the wrecker to speak to another driver. While Sutton had his back turned to the wrecker, the driver got out of the racecar, and the wrecker driver pulled the racecar forward. Without anyone to steer the front wheels of the racecar, the front end of the car moved sideways as it was pulled forward and hit Sutton in the back, causing the injury at issue.
In granting summary judgment to Sumner on the basis that Sutton assumed the risk of incurring the injury, the trial court ruled that "Sutton knew of the danger of being hit by a car in the pit area . . . ." In order for the defendant in a tort claim to establish the defense of assumption of the risk, the defendant must show that the plaintiff: "(1) had actual knowledge of the danger; (2) understood and appreciated the risks associated with such danger; and (3) voluntarily exposed himself to those risks." Vaughn v. Pleasent, 266 Ga. 862, 864 ( 471 S.E.2d 866) (1996). In assessing whether a plaintiff had the requisite knowledge of the danger and appreciation of the risks, a subjective standard applies, that is, what the particular plaintiff knew, understood and appreciated. Beringause v. Fogleman Truck Lines, 200 Ga. App. 822, 824 ( 409 S.E.2d 524) (1991); Vaughn, supra at 864. A plaintiff lacking such subjective knowledge of the danger will not be taken to have assumed the risk even though his conduct may be deemed contributory negligence for his failure under an objective knowledge standard to discover the danger by exercising the ordinary care required of a reasonable man. Beringause, supra at 824.
Although the evidence showed that Sutton did not actually see the racecar being pulled forward without being properly steered, the trial court ruled that his knowledge of the danger of being hit by a racecar in the pit area was sufficient to establish that he assumed the risk of the injury resulting from the wrecker driver's alleged negligence. We agree that there are certain dangers inherent in the activities of an automobile race and that a spectator who chooses to watch a race from an unprotected pit area in close proximity to the activities of the race risks being injured by those inherent dangers. The danger of contact between persons and racecars is a risk necessary to the pit area where racecars are personally serviced and repaired during a race. Accordingly, it is a danger inherent to watching a race from this area. The record is sufficient to establish that, given Sutton's experience as a spectator in this sport, especially his experience as a spectator in the pit area, he knew about and assumed the risk of injury from the normal, ordinary dangers inherent in watching a race from the unprotected pit area, including, for example, the danger of being hit by a racecar over which the driver has lost control. Tatum v. Clemones, 105 Ga. App. 221 ( 124 S.E.2d 425) (1962). The situation is analogous to that of a knowledgeable spectator at a baseball game who sits in an unscreened area of the stadium. Such a spectator knows of the inherent danger of foul balls landing in the area and assumes the risk of injury resulting from such danger. Hunt v. Thomasville Baseball Co., 80 Ga. App. 572 ( 56 S.E.2d 828) (1949); compare City of Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority v. Merritt, 172 Ga. App. 470 ( 323 S.E.2d 680) (1984); see also Davis v. Jones, 100 Ga. App. 546, 549-550 ( 112 S.E.2d 3) (1959) (experienced timekeeper sitting at ringside of a wrestling match had knowledge that wrestlers thrown or falling from the ring is an inherent danger of the sport; therefore he assumed the risk of being injured by a wrestler falling out of the ring on top of him).
The present record, however, does not show that Sutton was injured as a result a known danger inherent to watching an automobile race from the pit area. Sutton was hit and injured by a racecar as a result of the alleged negligent action of the wrecker driver in improperly towing the car. There is no evidence that the action taken by the wrecker driver was one which an experienced spectator would anticipate and know about as a normal, ordinary danger inherent in watching the race from the pit area. Accordingly, the record does not establish that Sutton assumed the risk of the negligent act which allegedly caused the injury. See Owens-Illinois, Inc. v. Bryson, 138 Ga. App. 78, 79 ( 225 S.E.2d 475) (1976). Although Sutton saw the racecar come to a stop as it was being towed into the pit area with someone steering the car, and knew it would be dangerous for the wrecker driver to tow the car without someone steering it, he did not see the driver subsequently get out of the racecar, nor did he see the wrecker driver pull the car forward without a driver steering it. Sutton's knowledge of common, inherent dangers which placed him at risk of being hit by a racecar in the pit area by other means, and his knowledge of the possibility that the racecar could be dangerous if improperly towed, was not sufficient to establish that he assumed the risk of harm from the improperly towed car. See Vaughn, supra at 864. Since the evidence does not show Sutton knew about and voluntarily exposed himself to the danger of being injured by the improperly towed car, he did not assume the risk of the injury he incurred. Turner v. Sumter Self Storage Co., 215 Ga. App. 92, 94-96 ( 449 S.E.2d 618) (1994). The trial court erred by applying assumption of the risk as a bar to recovery on the basis that Sutton knew of the danger of being hit by the racecar.
We need not address the appellants' additional claim related to filing of depositions in the trial court.
Judgment reversed. Pope, P.J., and Senior Appellate Judge Harold R. Banke concur.