Summary
In Stranahan v. Independent Natural Gas Co., 98 Mont. 597, 41 P.2d 39, this court ruled that actions of this nature are legal rather than equitable in nature.
Summary of this case from Severson v. BarstowOpinion
No. 7,305.
Submitted January 8, 1935.
Decided January 24, 1935.
Oil and Gas Leases — Forfeiture — Statutory Action One at Law — Failure to Develop Field — Nonsuit Held Error — Sale of Gas — Creating Monopoly — Appeal and Error — Cross-assignments of Error — When Errors Reviewable Only on Cross-appeal. Oil and Gas Leases — Forfeiture — Release of Record — Action at Law. 1. An action brought for the purpose of having an oil and gas lease declared forfeited under sections 6902-6904, Revised Codes 1921, authorizing, inter alia, the equitable relief of a release of the contract of record, is nevertheless an action at law. Trial — Nonsuit — Question of Sufficiency of Evidence One at Law. 2. On a motion for nonsuit, the question whether or not any substantial evidence has been introduced by the party upon whom the burden of proof rests is one of law for decision by the court. Same — Nonsuit — When Only Case to be Taken from Jury. 3. No case should be taken from the jury on motion for nonsuit when reasonable men may draw different conclusions from the evidence, or where there is substantial evidence to support the complaint, but only where the conclusion necessarily follows, as a matter of law, from the undisputed facts that recovery cannot be had on any view reasonably to be taken from the facts established. Same — Nonsuit — How Evidence of Plaintiff to be Viewed by Court. 4. In the consideration of a motion for nonsuit, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, even though there be a discrepancy in the testimony of his witnesses. Oil and Gas Leases — Parties Bound by Terms of Contract Made by Themselves. 5. Parties to an oil and gas lease, who made the contract for themselves, must stand or fall by its terms. Same — Forfeiture — Failure to Develop Field — Granting of Nonsuit Held Error. 6. In an action to have an oil and gas lease declared forfeited under sections 6902-6904, Revised Codes, for failure of lessee to develop the lands "in accordance with the best field practice as a producing oil and gas field," after the lessee had brought in a gas well with an open flow of 7,500,000 cubic feet per day, held, under the above rules, that the trial court erred in granting a nonsuit, viewing plaintiffs' testimony in the light most favorable to them. Same — Discovery of Gas in Commercial Quantities — Nonexistence of Implied Covenant in Lease Requiring Lessee to Construct Distributing System. 7. Under an oil and gas lease providing that if gas in commercial quantities be found, the lessee should deliver it to a pipe line, there was no implied covenant on the latter's part that he should build a distributing system to a town where it might be sold. Same — Forfeiture — Contract of Sale of Gas Developed — Lessor Entitled to Urge Contention That Contract Void as Creating Monopoly. 8. Plaintiffs in an action seeking the forfeiture of an oil and gas lease, on the ground, among others, that the lessee failed to fulfill the provision of the lease making it its duty to market the gas found, could properly urge that a contract entered into by the lessee with a natural gas company under which the former bound itself not to sell gas to others within a certain market, was invalid as creating a monopoly contrary to the provisions of section 20, Article XV, Constitution, and sections 7559 and 10901, Revised Codes 1921. Trial — Retaxing Costs — Appeal — Error not Reviewable on Cross-assignment of Error but Only on Cross-appeal. 9. Alleged erroneous ruling of trial court on motion to retax costs by reducing the rate of mileage allowed to witnesses from ten to seven cents a mile, held not properly raised by respondents' cross-assignment of error, the question being properly reviewable only on cross-appeal, the alleged error involving something separate and distinct from that presented by the appeal.
Appeal from District Court, Blaine County; C.B. Elwell, Judge.
Mr. J.W. Freeman and Mr. C.R. Stranahan, for Appellants, submitted an original and a reply brief; Mr. S.C. Ford, of Counsel, and Mr. Stranahan argued the cause orally.
Messrs. Hall McCabe, Mr. Max P. Kuhr and Mr. G.S. Frary, for Respondents, submitted a brief; Mr. H.C. Hall and Mr. Kuhr argued the cause orally.
The two principal contentions of the appellants upon the question of the cancellation of the lease are: The failure of the respondents to use reasonable or any diligence in marketing the gas from appellants' well, and their failure to drill additional wells or to develop the lands as a producing gas field in accordance with the best gas field practice; and these two questions are governed by pretty much the same principles of law. The case of Berthelote v. Loy Oil Co., 95 Mont. 434, 28 P.2d 187, has resolved these questions in favor of the contentions here made by the appellants. (See, also, 1 Thornton on the Law of Oil and Gas, 3d ed., sec. 103, note; Day v. Kansas City Pipe Line Co., 87 Kan. 617, 125 P. 43; Buffalo Valley Oil Gas Co. v. Jones, 75 Kan. 18, 88 P. 537; Culbertson v. Iola Portland Cement Co., 87 Kan. 529, 125 P. 81; Kirlicks v. Texas Co., (Tex.Civ.App.) 201 S.W. 687.)
The defendants having bound themselves not to sell any gas in the vicinity of Havre and Chinook, other than that used or sold to the Montana Gas Corporation, have placed the plaintiff in an inequitable position; they have the right to have the gas from their land sold in accordance with the demands of the market, and equity will enforce a forfeiture of a contract to develop gas where it would be against equity to permit the lessee to longer assert his title. ( Gadbury v. Ohio Ind. Consol. Nat. Ill. Gas Co., 162 Ind. 9, 67 N.E. 259, 62 L.R.A. 895; 1 Thornton on the Law of Oil and Gas, 3d ed., sec. 56.)
Where the lessees have failed to market the gas or further develop the land, the burden is then cast upon them to show, especially where they are holding a large acreage as in this case, that the market does not warrant further development and to show some reasonable excuse why gas has not been marketed. ( Brewster v. Lanyon Zinc Co., 140 Fed. 801, 72 C.C.A. 213; Coffinberry v. Sun Oil Co., 68 Ohio St. 488, 67 N.E. 1069; Pelham Petroleum Co. v. North, 78 Okla. 39, 188 P. 1069; Carder v. Blackwell Oil Gas Co., 83 Okla. 243, 201 P. 252; Jennings v. Southern Carbon Co., 73 W. Va. 215, 80 S.E. 368; White v. Green River Gas Co., 8 F.2d 261.) The following Montana cases will be found to support the contentions of the plaintiffs here: Thomas v. Standard Development Co., 70 Mont. 156, 224 P. 870; Solberg v. Sunburst Oil Gas Co., 73 Mont. 94, 235 P. 761; Bowes v. Republic Oil Co. et al., 78 Mont. 134, 252 P. 800; McDaniel v. Hager-Stevenson Oil Co., 75 Mont. 356, 243 P. 582; Solberg v. Sunburst Oil Gas Co., 76 Mont. 254, 246 P. 168; McNamer Realty Co. v. Sunburst Oil Gas Co., 76 Mont. 332, 247 P. 166; Abell v. Bishop, 86 Mont. 478, 284 P. 525.
The contract entered into between the Independent Natural Gas Company and the Montana Gas Corporation for the sale of gas from the Box Elder structure is void by reason of being in restraint of trade and tending to create a monopoly. ( Harding v. American Glucose Co., 182 Ill. 551, 55 N.E. 577, 74 Am. St. Rep. 189, 64 L.R.A. 738; Attorney General ex rel. James v. National Cash Register Co., 182 Mich. 99, 148 N.W. 420, Ann. Cas. 1916D, 638; Grogan v. Chaffee, 156 Cal. 611, 105 P. 745, 27 L.R.A. (n.s.) 395.) The nearest case to the facts appearing in the contract between the Montana Gas Corporation and the defendant, Independent Natural Gas Company, is that of Charleston Natural Gas Co. v. Kanawha Natural Gas Co., 6 Am. Eng. Ann. Cas. 164. (See, also, 13 C.J. 478; 6 R.C.L., sec. 190; State ex rel. Snyder v. Portland Natural Gas Co., 153 Ind. 483, 53 N.E. 1089, 74 Am. St. Rep. 314, 53 L.R.A. 413; State ex rel. Robert Mitchell Furniture Co. v. Toole, 26 Mont. 22, 66 P. 496, 91 Am. St. Rep. 386, 55 L.R.A. 644; Davenport v. Kleinschmidt, 6 Mont. 502, 529, 13 P. 249.)
In order for appellants to make out a prima facie case it was incumbent upon them to prove: 1. That additional wells were required to be drilled in accordance with the best field practice. 2. That there was a reasonably remunerative market for the gas from additional wells.
After the execution of the first lease it was discovered that certain property had been omitted, and on August 28, 1931, a new lease was executed by the parties, which new lease was substituted for the old one. The new lease provided: 1. That it is "the desire and understanding of the parties hereto that the gas well heretofore drilled upon said premises shall be considered a full compliance with the drilling terms and conditions of this lease and the property of the second party." 2. That the gas well drilled under the terms of the old lease "shall be and is by the parties hereto deemed and agreed to be a full compliance with the terms and conditions of this lease, as to the drilling of the first well." Thus the case in question provides that the drilling requirements of the lease have been complied with. In such event it can hardly be contended herein that the lease can be forfeited by reason of a failure to further develop. Furthermore, the requirements for development under paragraph 6 of the lease are conditioned upon there being a reasonably remunerative market for the gas. In order, then, for appellants to make out a prima facie case it was incumbent upon them to prove: 1. That additional wells were required to be drilled in accordance with the best field practice. 2. That there was a reasonably remunerative market for the gas from additional wells.
The only provisions of the lease relating to marketing of gas is found in paragraph 16. The standard of reasonable diligence there specifically provided is no more and no less than the standard set up by law. ( Berthelote v. Loy Oil Co., cited by appellants; Cosden v. Cline, 26 F.2d 631; Denker v. Mid-Continent Petroleum Co., 56 F.2d 725; Harris v. Ohio Oil Co., 57 Ohio St. 118, 48 N.E. 502; Goodwin v. Standard Oil Co., 290 Fed. 92; Howerton v. Kansas Natural Gas Co., 82 Kan. 367, 108 P. 813, 34 L.R.A. (n.s.) 46; Empire Fuel Gas Co. v. Haggard, 152 Okla. 35, 3 P.2d 675; Broswood Oil Gas Co. v. Mary Oil Gas Co., 164 Okla. 200, 23 P.2d 387; Allen v. Colonial Oil Co., 92 W. Va. 689, 115 S.E. 842, 848; Brewster v. Lanyon Zinc Co., supra; Duff v. Bailey, 29 Ky. Law Rep. 919, 96 S.W. 577; Manhattan Oil Co. v. Carrell, 164 Ind. 526, 73 N.E. 1084; Eastern Oil Co. v. Beatty, 71 Okla. 275, 177 P. 104; Indiana Oil etc. Co. v. McCrory, 42 Okla. 136, 140 P. 610; Watchorn v. Roxana Pet. Co., 5 F.2d 636.)
Since additional development of the lease here under consideration was to depend upon good oil field practice and a reasonably remunerative market, it became incumbent upon the appellants to show: 1. That good oil field practice demanded the drilling of additional wells. 2. That there was a reasonably remunerative market for gas to be produced from such additional wells. There was a total failure of proof upon both of these matters.
In appellants' brief the contract between respondents and the Montana Gas Corporation is characterized as being illegal and void, "by reason of being in restraint of trade and tending to create a monopoly." In other words, appellants insist that respondents must use reasonable diligence to market the gas, and at the same time object to respondents' efforts in that direction which have resulted in a sale of one-third of all the gas used in the only available market. It is clear that the court will not in this action, brought for the cancellation of an oil and gas lease, either pass upon or determine the question whether the contract sets up a monopoly in restraint of trade. (See MacGinniss v. Boston Montana Consol. C. S. Min. Co., 29 Mont. 428, 75 P. 89.) The case of California Cured Fruit Assn. v. Stelling, 141 Cal. 713, 75 P. 320, is much in point. There the court held that the question whether a contract was in restraint of trade could not be raised except by the state or in an action brought to enforce the contract. (41 C.J. 183, 187.)
The court is not here concerned with the question whether the contract between respondents and the Montana Gas Corporation is in restraint of trade. The question rather is whether the making of such contract and the marketing of gas thereunder constitutes reasonable diligence on the part of respondents. The use to which the gas is put, whether legal or illegal, does not concern appellants in their capacity as lessors. Their concern is that it shall be used in order that a royalty return therefrom may be obtained. The gas belongs to respondents. Appellants are entitled only to a cash return therefrom. Since none of the authorities cited and quoted by appellants address themselves to the circumstances here presented it would appear idle to pursue the discussion further.
Plaintiffs on October 27, 1930, entered into an oil and gas lease describing lands in Hill and Blaine counties, with A.H. Perkins, trustee. The lease was for the term of five years and as long thereafter as oil and gas, or either of them, were produced from these lands in commercial quantities. The lease provided for the payment of rentals for delay in drilling operations during its express term. Drilling operations under the lease resulted in the bringing in of a commercial gas well on June 17, 1931, with an open flow of 7,500,000 cubic feet of gas per day. Thereafter it was discovered that certain lands had been omitted from the description in the lease, and on August 28, 1931, an amended lease was executed by the parties in substitution for the old lease. The provisions of the two leases were in most respects identical.
The new lease provided (1) that the gas well already completed was "deemed and agreed to be a full compliance with the terms and conditions of this lease as to the drilling of the first well"; (2) that the term of the lease should be for five years from date and as long thereafter as oil and gas, or either of them, in commercial quantities was produced from the lands described; (3) for the marketing and payment of the lessor's portion of the oil produced; (4) for the payment of royalty for gas produced, in cash from the gross proceeds derived from its sale; (5) for the payment of delay rental; (6) for the drilling of an oil well within five years in the event commercial gas was produced; (7) that "if the lessee hereunder shall discover and produce commercial oil or gas within said premises, then the lands described in this lease shall be developed in accordance with the best field practice as a producing oil and gas field, placing a well on each and every such subdivision as will be justified by good oil field practice consistent, [consistent with good oil field practice?] and provided that there is a reasonably remunerative market for the same"; (8) that the lease may be canceled for the failure to develop the lands described, in accordance with good field practice as herein provided, "upon written notice requiring the lessee or assignee to perform the terms of said lease, giving the reason and a statement of the facts claimed why the lessor claims the said lease has not been kept and performed"; (10) that "all commercial oil and gas delivered upon the said premises shall be conveyed to the main pipe line or lines from such premises"; (11) that "the number of wells drilled and the method of the location of the wells and marketing of the products and operations of the said lease shall be done in accordance with the best oil or gas field practice, and lessee's operations shall be governed at all times by what may be termed reasonable diligence"; and (12) that "if the said lessee, his successor or assigns, shall fail to fully keep and perform each and every covenant herein contained to be by him kept and performed, then the lessor shall have the right to forfeit this lease and all rights of the lessee hereunder, provided, that after discovery of commercial oil or gas the lessee shall be entitled to thirty days after written notice from the lessor specifying the condition or conditions wherein the lessee is at fault, before forfeiture can be effected." Other provisions are found in the lease, which are unimportant in this controversy.
The only provision, referred to above, found in the second lease and not in the first, is with reference to the drilling of the first well being deemed in compliance with the provisions of the original lease.
Prior to July 21, 1932, the defendant O'Neil, by virtue of an assignment, was the owner of the oil and gas lease, and the defendant Independent Natural Gas Company became the owner of the lease through an assignment dated February 15, 1932.
On January 21, 1932, O'Neil entered into a contract with the Montana Gas Corporation, the owner of a natural gas pipe line from the Bowes structure to the towns of Chinook and Havre, whereby O'Neil, from the well heretofore mentioned and other leases of the Box Elder structure, was to furnish one-third of all the gas necessary to supply the market in Havre and Chinook and the surrounding territory for a period of ten years, and for renewals for limited periods on certain conditions. This contract was assigned by O'Neil to the Independent Natural Gas Company on February 17, 1932. Under the contract the Montana Gas Corporation was required to construct and maintain at its cost and expense all necessary gathering lines to transport the gas from the well or wells to its pipe line. The one well on appellants' land is three-quarters of a mile from the pipe line, which is the only gas pipe line in close proximity to their land. The Montana Gas Corporation had the only pipe line supplying gas to Havre, Chinook, and the Chinook sugar factory. The Northwest Utilities Company owns the distributing systems in Havre and Chinook, to which the Montana Gas Corporation sells its gas under contract.
On April 1, 1932, plaintiffs (appellants) served notice on defendants, advising them that they had failed to comply with the lease in the following respects:
(1) "That you have failed to comply with paragraph 1st of said lease; that you have not marketed or made any lawful or proper or diligent effort to market the gas from the well already drilled on said land."
(2) "That you have failed to comply with paragraph 6th of said lease in that you have failed to develop the said leased lands, as a producing gas or oil field, in accordance with the best oil and gas field practice, as provided by the terms of said lease."
(3) "That you have failed to fulfill the spirit of said lease, in that you have failed to use any reasonable diligence to market the gas or to develop the field as a gas field."
Plaintiffs advised defendants that, unless they complied with the terms of the lease in these respects within thirty days, they would cancel it in accordance with its provisions, and that the contract which, they were informed, had been entered into for the delivery of gas to Havre and Chinook, would not be in compliance with the terms of the lease, in that such contract would be and is void as being in restraint of trade and an attempt to create a monopoly.
Plaintiffs brought this action, under the provisions of section 6902, Revised Codes 1921, on August 12, 1932, for the forfeiture and cancellation of the lease and for damages and penalty. The defendants Perkins and O'Neil filed answer, disclaiming any interest in the leased premises. The defendant Independent Natural Gas Company answered, denying the breach of any of the covenants of the lease, and affirmatively sought to recover attorney fees.
A trial was had, and at the close of plaintiffs' case a motion for nonsuit was granted. Later a judgment dismissing their complaint and awarding defendant $500 as attorney fees and costs, was entered. The appeal is from the judgment.
Plaintiffs specified numerous errors, many of which are not argued. They assign and argue at length that the trial court committed error in sustaining defendants' motion for nonsuit.
This action was brought under the provisions of sections 6902 [1] to 6904, inclusive, Revised Codes 1921. By these sections a purely statutory remedy, not theretofore existing, was conferred, and, although it embodies the equitable relief of a release of record, it is classed as an action at law. ( Berthelote v. Loy Oil Co., 95 Mont. 434, 28 P.2d 187.)
Whether any substantial evidence has been introduced by the [2-4] plaintiffs becomes a question of law for the court on a motion for nonsuit. ( Claypool v. Malta Standard Garage, 96 Mont. 285, 30 P.2d 89.) When no substantial evidence has been introduced by the party upon whom the burden rests, a question of law for decision by the court is presented. ( Lee v. Stockmen's Nat. Bank, 63 Mont. 262, 207 P. 623.) On motion for nonsuit, no case should be taken from the jury when reasonable men may draw different conclusions from the evidence, or where there is substantial evidence to support the complaint, but only where from the undisputed facts the conclusion necessarily follows, as a matter of law, that a recovery cannot be had on any view which may reasonably be taken from the facts established. ( Claypool v. Malta Standard Garage, supra; Bell v. Grimstad, 82 Mont. 185, 266 P. 394.)
In the consideration of a motion for nonsuit, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff ( Johnson v. Herring, 89 Mont. 420, 300 P. 535; Boyd v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 84 Mont. 84, 274 P. 293), and this is true even though there is a discrepancy in the testimony of the several witnesses for plaintiff ( Hardie v. Peterson, 86 Mont. 150, 282 P. 494; Gohn v. Butte Hotel Co., 88 Mont. 599, 295 P. 262).
The parties made this contract for themselves, and must stand [5] or fall by its terms. ( Steven v. Potlatch Oil Refining Co., 80 Mont. 239, 260 P. 119.)
It therefore becomes necessary to consider whether, under the terms and provisions of the lease and the notice of cancellation asserting breach thereof in certain particulars, plaintiffs produced evidence warranting the submission of the case to the jury upon the question whether defendants had failed to perform the covenants of the lease.
The evidence of plaintiffs was directed to two propositions: [6] (1) Failure to develop in accordance with the best gas field practice consistent with the market; and (2) failure to use reasonable efforts to market gas from the producing well. One of the plaintiffs testified that the defendant Perkins informed him that, where gas is furnished for use, it is necessary to have gas to supply the immediate demands; there should be reserves, and that it would be necessary to drill at least two more wells for that purpose. The record discloses that Perkins and O'Neil had, at the time of drilling the well on plaintiffs' land, some five or six thousand acres of additional lands on the same structure. The well on plaintiffs' lands was the only commercial gas well on these lands or on the Box Elder structure. One Timmons, a witness on behalf of plaintiffs, testified as an expert that, though one well might be of sufficient size to supply the amount of gas necessary for the market in Havre and Chinook, it would not be the best practice to depend solely upon one well, and that the determination of the number of wells to be drilled on a certain lease, regardless of its acreage, would depend on the consideration of various contingencies. Hubbert, another expert witness, testified it would be good practice to drill other wells on the same lease; as a matter of safety it would be very necessary.
Under the contract for the sale of gas, defendants had found a remunerative market for it. If the foregoing testimony with reference to the oil field practice in developing reserves is believed, then the defendants under the express covenants would be obliged to drill at least one additional well in order to develop the lease and supply and maintain the existing market. True, these witnesses admitted that there were some contingencies entering into the development, such as geological conditions, requirement of other leases, etc. In the absence of proof eliminating them, these contingencies would tend either to weaken the force of the testimony of the experts, or at least to create a discrepancy or conflict in the testimony of plaintiffs' witnesses. But, viewing the testimony in the light most favorable to plaintiffs' case, we think there was sufficient evidence to justify the submission of the case to the jury on the question of whether or not the lease had been lost for failure to further develop.
The only market mentioned in the evidence is in Havre, Chinook and vicinity. The Northwestern Utilities Company, which obtained its gas under contract with the Montana Gas Corporation, has the only distributing systems in these towns.
Under the express provisions of the lease, before a forfeiture ensued for the breach of its covenants, it was necessary for the lessors to serve a notice specifying the condition or conditions wherein the lessee was at fault. The notice bearing date April 1, 1932, charged the defendants with the failure to perform the condition of the first paragraph of the lease, in that they had failed to market, or make a diligent effort to market, gas. This paragraph relates solely to marketing oil and makes no reference to gas. Neither the allegations of the complaint nor the evidence relate to the marketing of oil.
The sixth paragraph of the lease provided that, after the [7] discovery of commercial gas within the premises, the lands described in the lease were to be developed in accordance with the best field practice as a producing gas field, provided there was a reasonably remunerative market for the same. The sixteenth paragraph provided that commercial gas discovered upon the premises should be conveyed to the main pipe line or pipe lines from such premises. By these enumerated provisions, the lessee was obliged to deliver the gas to the pipe line. Plaintiffs attempted to prove that, if a pipe line was built from the lease to Havre and a distributing system installed and the gas sold at a lower rate, it was thought the demand for gas in Havre would be greatly increased. No evidence suggests that an additional market might be found for the gas by delivering it to the pipe line, which was the extent of the lessee's obligation. The lessee did not expressly agree in the lease to build a distributing system in, and a pipe line to, Havre. No case has been found wherein a covenant was implied to this extent.
As we understand the contention of plaintiffs with reference [8] to the alleged failure on the part of the defendants to market gas, it is that the contract whereby for a period of ten years one-third of all the gas to be consumed in Havre and Chinook and the territory within five miles adjacent thereto was to be obtained from the lease then owned by the Independent Natural Gas Company on the Box Elder structure, and whereby for a like period the lessee of the lease in question agreed not to sell gas to others within this market, creates a monoply, is in restraint of trade, and therefore null and void.
Plaintiffs assert that this contract is invalid under section 20 of Article XV of our Constitution and sections 10901 and 7559, Revised Codes 1921. The defendants argue that the plaintiffs, not being parties to the gas contract and therefore strangers to it, are in no position to assert the invalidity of the contract, under the rule announced by this court in the case of MacGinniss v. Boston Montana Consolidated Copper Silver Mining Co., 29 Mont. 428, 75 P. 89. Plaintiffs respond they are in privity with the parties to the contract, and for that reason in a position to urge that the contract is invalid.
Under the contract for the sale of the gas, the buyer is required to install gathering lines and authorized to install the necessary equipment on the leased premises in order to produce the gas. If not by express provision, by necessary implication, he is authorized to enter upon the leased premises in order to perform the necessary work of installing these appliances and equipment and keeping them in working condition. The theory of defendants is that the contract is nothing more than one for the sale of personal property. In a number of decisions under somewhat similar contracts, the courts have taken the position that such contracts were something more than for the mere sale of personal property, and have afforded equitable relief to enforce the covenants of such contracts as against persons subsequently acquiring an interest in the land or leased premises with notice. (See Southwest Pipe Line Co. v. Empire Natural Gas Co., (C.C.A.) 33 F.2d 248, 64 A.L.R. 1229, and note.) We think the plaintiffs, under the foregoing authorities, are in a position to assert the alleged invalidity of the contract.
This court in the case of Great Northern Utilities Co. v. Public Service Commission, 88 Mont. 180, 293 P. 294, 304, while discussing the purpose of section 20, Article XV, of our Constitution, said: "The `object sought to be attained' by the framers of our Constitution, and the people of this state in the adoption of that Constitution, was not that every combination was proscribed, nor that the making of every contract was forbidden, but rather that it was the purpose to forbid the formation of a combination, or the making of a contract, if the purpose of such combination or contract was to fix the price or regulate the production of any article of commerce so as to unlawfully take advantage of the public." And in speaking of section 10901, as well as of the same section of the Constitution, it said: "`The section of the statute quoted involves the same idea and demands the same construction, though it is more specific in its provisions, and extends to and includes combinations in restraint of competition in transportation. It denounces every form of combination or contract which has for its purpose, directly or indirectly, the restraint of production or trade in any way or manner, or the control of the price of any article of consumption by the people.' Continuing, the court says: `It was not the purpose of the convention, or of the Legislature, to limit either the term used in the Constitution, or in the statute, by any narrow definition, but to leave it to the courts to look beneath the surface, and, from the methods employed in the conduct of the business, to determine whether the association or combination in question, no matter what its particular form should chance to be, or what might be its constituent elements, is taking advantage of the public in an unlawful way. (Citing the case of Harding v. American Glucose Co., 182 Ill. 551, 55 N.E. 577, 74 Am. St. Rep. 189, 64 L.R.A. 738.) In each case, therefore, under these provisions, the nature of the arrangement or combination is a question of fact to be determined by the court from the evidence before it, or from the vice which inheres in the contract itself.'"
In view of the fact that on another trial the evidence will doubtless be somewhat different in its scope, extent, and effect, it would be of no benefit to the trial court to comment further on this phase of the case.
The other questions argued are not likely to arise on another [9] trial, with the possible exception as to the proper rate of mileage chargeable for witnesses. The defendants made cross-assignment of error seeking to have the action of the trial court on motion reducing the rate of mileage from ten to seven cents a mile reviewed. This question may properly be raised only on a cross-appeal. ( In re Silver's Estate, ante, p. 141, 38 P.2d 277.)
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the district court of Blaine county, with direction to grant the plaintiffs a new trial.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE SANDS and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES MATTHEWS, STEWART and MORRIS concur.
Rehearing denied February 8, 1935.