Opinion
No. 7,283.
Submitted November 12, 1934.
Decided November 26, 1934.
Wills — Contest After Probate — Procedure — Burden of Proof — Improper Execution of Will — Insufficiency of Evidence — Publication — Attesting Witnesses — Sufficient Compliance With Statute — Appeal and Error — Cross-assignments of Error — Inapplicability of Statute — When Cross-appeal Necessary — Witnesses — Presumptions. Wills — Contest — Appeal — When Verdict and Special Findings of Jury not to be Disturbed. 1. In cases involving the validity of a will the verdict or special findings of the jury will not be disturbed on appeal if substantial evidence appears in the record to sustain either; on the other hand, if there is no such evidence tending to support its invalidity, the court will not permit the instrument to be nullified. Same — Contest — Burden of Proof. 2. In a will contest, whether instituted before or after probate, the contestant assumes the position of a plaintiff in a civil action and has the burden of proving his allegations by a preponderance of the evidence. Same — Contest Before Probate — Trial Procedure. 3. While, on a will contest before its probate, its proponent must first show that the will, but for the contest, would be entitled to probate, after its probate such preliminary prima facie showing need not be repeated; the cause then is triable upon the issues tendered by the contestant and joined by the answer of the proponent of the will, the burden of proof being upon contestant, he having the right to open and close. Same — Order Admitting Will to Probate Judicial Determination of Proper Execution — Burden of Proof in Subsequent Proceeding to Revoke Probate. 4. An order admitting a will to probate constitutes a judicial determination that the will was executed in all particulars as required by law; hence, in a proceeding to revoke its probate, contention of contestant that contestee, having assumed the burden of proving due execution of the will when it was offered for probate, the burden remained with him throughout the proceeding to revoke its probate, has no merit. Same — Proper Execution — Possible Effect of Contestee's Failure to Stand on Presumption of Due Execution Flowing from Order Admitting Will to Probate. 5. Where a contestee in a will contest after its probate instead of relying upon the presumption of due execution flowing from the order admitting it to probate, offers testimony in rebuttal supplying defects in the case of the contestant on the question of its proper execution, he is in no position to complain of an adverse finding of the jury, but is in the position of one who fails to stand on a motion for nonsuit and offers testimony and thereby assumes the risk of supplying any defects in the case of his opponent. Evidence — Rule That Direct Testimony of One Witness may be Sufficient to Prove Fact as Against a Greater Number of Witnesses Testifying to Contrary — When Applicable. 6. To render the rule that the direct testimony of one witness entitled to full credit is sufficient for proof of any fact as against a greater number who testify to the contrary applicable, the witness must be entitled to full credit and his testimony must be as to facts which he knows of his own knowledge (with certain exceptions). Wills — Presumption of Due Execution — How Overcome. 7. The facts that a will had been proved and admitted to probate, was signed by the testator, coupled with a recital in the attestation clause that all was done which should have been done, raise a presumption of due execution which may be overcome only by clear and satisfactory evidence in a proceeding to revoke its probate. Same — Finding of Jury That Will not Duly Executed Held Unsupported by Evidence. 8. Evidence in a proceeding to revoke a will after probate, reviewed and held insufficient to support a finding of the jury that the instrument had not been duly executed. Evidence — Negative Testimony of Existence of Fact — How Viewed as Against Positive Statements of Others of Its Existence. 9. The negative testimony of one not in a position to have seen what he says was not there is not even inconsistent with the positive testimony of others who were in a position to testify affirmatively to that which they saw; such swearing does not constitute substantial evidence necessary to uphold a finding of the jury. Wills — Execution of Instrument — Publication by Testator — Attesting Witnesses — What Sufficient Compliance With Statutory Requirements. 10. A testator need not expressly declare to the subscribing witnesses that the document is his will, or expressly request them to sign as witnesses; if he, by words or conduct at the time of its execution, conveyed to them the information that it was his will and signed it in their presence, and in the same manner indicated that he desired them to subscribe it as witnesses, it is a sufficient compliance with the requirements of section 6980, Revised Codes 1921. Same — What Insufficient to Invalidate Instrument. 11. Failure of subscribing witnesses to a will to remember unimportant or trivial details of its execution a year and a half or two years prior to trial of a proceeding to revoke its probate, does not affect its validity or cast any doubt on its execution. Appeal and Error — Cross-assignments of Error — Purpose of Statute. 12. Section 9751, Revised Codes 1921, authorizing the making of cross-assignments of error, has application only to cases in which the respondent makes such assignments on rulings or errors adverse to him and preserved in a bill of exceptions, to enable the supreme court on appeal to determine whether those complained of by appellant were compensated or rendered harmless thereby. Same — Cross-assignments of Error — Statute not Intended to Do Away With Cross-appeal Where Necessary. 13. By the enactment of section 9751, supra, authorizing the making of cross-assignments of error, it was not intended to do away with the necessity of a cross-appeal where a party feels himself aggrieved by a ruling of the trial court withdrawing certain issues from consideration of the jury involving matters separate and distinct from that sought to have reviewed by appellant; errors relating thereto may only be presented on a cross-appeal. Same — Wills — Contest — Cross-assignment of Errors — Conditions Under Which Cross-appeal Necessary to Review Errors Assigned by Respondents. 14. Under the last above rule, held that where contestants attacked the probate of a will on the grounds of nonexecution, incompetency and undue influence, and the latter two grounds were at the close of the testimony withdrawn from the consideration of the jury, on contestees' appeal the only question presented was whether the will had been properly executed, and any error committed with reference to the charges of incompetency and undue influence could not compensate the error of the court in holding that the will had not been legally executed (see next paragraph); therefore errors committed with reference to the withdrawn charges could not be reviewed on cross-assignments but only on cross-appeal from the judgment of dismissal as to them. Wills — Grounds of Contest Unrelated — Proof of One not Dependent on Outcome of the Others Mentioned in Statute. 15. The grounds of contest of a domestic will enumerated in section 10032, Revised Codes 1921 — improper execution, incompetency of testator, undue influence — are unrelated; while they may be joined in one contest, proof of one is in no manner dependent on success or failure of either of the other two; if undue influence or incompetency is shown, due execution of the will becomes immaterial; if the document was not properly executed, undue influence and incompetency fade from consideration.
Appeal from District Court, Silver Bow County; T.E. Downey, Judge.
Mr. P.E. Geagan, for Appellants, submitted an original and a reply brief, and argued the cause orally.
Messrs. McCaffery McCaffery, for Respondents, submitted a brief and argued the cause orally.
The evidence of contestants, of a negative character, on the issue of the execution of the will, does not answer the description of "substantial evidence" without which this court said in the Cummings Case ([ In re Cummings' Estate], 92 Mont. 185, 11 P.2d 968), the trial court should not permit a will to be set aside. The affirmative evidence offered by contestees, on the other hand, is fortified by two presumptions of law that the will was legally executed in accordance with the formalities required by law. The fact that the will involved had been duly admitted to probate caused the presumption to arise that the will had been legally executed. ( In re Nelson's Estate, 132 Cal. 182, 64 P. 294.) The law will presume a due execution of a will from the recitation of the requisite facts in an attestation clause. ( In re Miller's Estate, 37 Mont. 545, 561, 97 P. 935; In re Mendenhall's Will, 43 Or. 542, 72 P. 318, 73 P. 1033; Thompson v. Owen, 174 Ill. 229, 51 N.E. 1046, 45 L.R.A. 682; McCurdy v. Neall, 42 N.J. Eq. 333, 7 A. 566; Peck v. Carey, 27 N.Y. 9, 84 Am. Dec. 222; In re O'Hagan's Will, 73 Wis. 78, 40 N.W. 649, 9 Am. St. Rep. 763; In re Hurley's Estate, 79 Colo. 347, 245 P. 711; 1 Redfield on Wills, sec. 238; 40 Cyc. 1304; Schouler on Wills, 5th ed., sec. 347.)
Contestants had the right to overcome the direct evidence of contestees' witnesses and the presumptions above adverted to by resort to circumstantial evidence, but in doing so they were under the necessity of offering proof of circumstances which were not only consonant with the truth of their position, but which also tended "to exclude all other inferences." ( Park v. Grady, 62 Mont. 246, 204 P. 382; Green v. Milwaukee Mechanics Ins. Co., 77 Mont. 505, 252 P. 310; Gilmore v. Ostronich, 48 Mont. 305, 137 P. 378; Norton v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 85 Mont. 270, 278 P. 521.) Additionally, the testimony of Contestant Joseph R. Silver, Jr., is of the type of evidence or testimony generally referred to as "negative" testimony. Under the rules applicable to such testimony, that of this witness is without any probative effect. ( Rau v. Northern P. Ry. Co., 87 Mont. 521, 289 P. 580; Hughes v. A.T. S.F. Ry. Co., 121 Cal.App. 271, 8 P.2d 853; Bergman v. Northern P. Ry., 14 F.2d 580; Kerby v. Oregon S.L. Ry. Co., 45 Idaho, 636, 264 P. 377; Kugler v. White, 91 Okla. 130, 216 P. 903; 1 Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 664.)
Due execution of the will was a question of law in this case: Contestees' motion for dismissal should have been granted. Where there is no substantial dispute as to the facts, it is for the court, not the jury, to decide whether a will was validly executed. ( In re Carmello's Estate, 289 Pa. 554, 137 A. 734; In re Cooper's Estate, 196 Iowa, 116, 194 N.W. 218; Blakely v. Cabelka, 203 Iowa, 5, 212 N.W. 348; In re Malvasi's Estate, 96 Cal.App. 204, 273 P. 1097; Pennington v. Perry, 156 Ga. 103, 118 S.E. 710; In re Bennett's Will, 207 App. Div. 388, 202 N.Y. Supp. 201, 40 Cyc. 1332.)
It was not necessary for the testator expressly to say to the subscribing witnesses: "This is my will and I ask you to sign the same as witnesses." The law does not require literal compliance with the statute. ( In re Miller's Estate, 37 Mont. 545, 97 P. 935; In re Cummings' Estate, supra; see, also, In re Nelson's Estate, 132 Cal. 182, 64 P. 294; In re Dow's Estate, 181 Cal. 106, 183 P. 794; In re Silva's Estate, 169 Cal. 116, 145 P. 1015; In re Cullberg's Estate, 169 Cal. 365, 146 P. 888; Peck v. Carey, 27 N.Y. 9, 84 Am. Dec. 222; Points v. Nier, 91 Wn. 20, 157 P. 44, Ann. Cas. 1918A, 1046.)
Where a will has been executed under the formalities prescribed by law and proved by the subscribing witnesses, it will be presumed to have been read by the testator and that its contents were known to him. ( In re Hess' Appeal, 43 Pa. 73, 82 Am. Dec. 551; Kavanagh v. Jamison, 79 Colo. 115, 244 P. 476; In re Shapter's Estate, 35 Colo. 578, 85 P. 688, 117 Am. St. Rep. 216, 6 L.R.A. (n.s.) 575; King v. Kinsey, 74 N.C. 261; Beyer v. Hermann, 173 Mo. 295, 73 S.W. 164.) Nor is this presumption overcome by the fact that one who assisted in the preparation of the will was a beneficiary thereunder. ( McConnell v. Keir, 76 Kan. 527, 92 P. 540.)
While it is the accepted principle that the jury is the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses, this principle does not extend so far as to authorize a jury to reject testimony that is undisputed and uncontradicted, when given by witnesses who are neither impeached nor discredited. ( Nichols v. New York Life Ins. Co., 88 Mont. 132, 292 P. 253; Sylvain v. Page, 84 Mont. 424, 276 P. 16, 63 A.L.R. 528; Laundreville v. Mero, 86 Mont. 43, 281 P. 749, 69 A.L.R. 416; Giebler v. Giebler, 69 Mont. 347, 222 P. 436; Haddox v. Northern P. Ry. Co., 43 Mont. 8, 113 P. 1119; Casey v. Northern P. Ry. Co., 60 Mont. 56, 198 P. 141.)
In this case, the contestants offered no testimony on the insufficient publication of the will and, therefore, when the contestees introduced witnesses to prove its due execution, the burden of showing the same was executed according to law was upon them. Once having assumed the burden of proving due execution it was incumbent upon them to show compliance with section 6980, Revised Codes 1921. If the evidence failed to show substantial compliance, then such evidence dissipated any presumption that may have existed as to due execution.
In the Miller Case, cited by appellants, one of the subscribing witnesses testified definitely to the publication. In this case the testimony of the subscribing witnesses utterly fails to show publication, but on the contrary shows the reverse.
However, there is another presumption which under the circumstances of this case would nullify the presumption of due execution. It is the presumption that one occupying a confidential relation with the testator has exercised undue influence. Here, one of the chief beneficiaries was the draftsman of the will, the securer of the witnesses, and the master of ceremonies. Under such circumstances there is a well-recognized rule of law requiring the closest scrutiny of such a beneficiary's conduct. (40 Cyc., following note 7, pp. 1151, 1152. See, also, Estate of Baird, 176 Cal. 381, 168 P. 561; Estate of Ricks, 160 Cal. 450, 117 P. 532; Estate of Packer, 164 Cal. 525, 129 P. 778; Estate of Higgins, 156 Cal. 257, 104 P. 68; Estate of Lavinburg, 161 Cal. 536, 119 P. 915; In re Logan's Estate, 195 Pa. 282, 45 A. 729; West v. West, 144 Mo. 119, 46 S.W. 139.)
It requires greater particularity to establish due execution when the will was prepared and executed in the presence of interested persons than where such details are carried on by disinterested persons. ( In re Faling's Will, 105 Or. 365, 208 P. 715; Richards v. Huff, 104 Okla. 221, 231 P. 76; McCarty v. Weatherly, 85 Okla. 123, 204 P. 632; In re Young's Estate, 59 Or. 348, 116 P. 95, Ann. Cas. 1913B, 1310; In re Mendenhall's Will, 43 Or. 542, 72 P. 318, 73 P. 1033; In re Taylor's Estate, 39 S.D. 608, 165 N.W. 1079.)
Where, in this case, is there any express or intelligent acquiescence shown by the testimony that the testator even knew what he was signing? There is certainly no declaration by the testator to the attesting witnesses, that the instrument was his will. Each of the four conditions prescribed by section 6980, Revised Codes 1921, is mandatory, essential and requisite to the validity of the will. ( In re Williams' Estate, 50 Mont. 142, 145 P. 957.)
But it is argued that the attestation clause may be a sufficient publication. We think the authorities hold the contrary under the conditions existing in this case. There is not a particle of testimony showing that the attestation clause was read by the testator or even by the witnesses. Under such circumstances it is insufficient. "A proper attestation clause, not read to or by the testator will not supply defects in the publication." (40 Cyc. 1120.) The question of declaration or publication is for the jury. ( In re Cummings' Estate, 92 Mont. 185, 11 P.2d 968.)
Appellants claim that the presumption of due execution suffices to show that the will had been legally executed. This is true under certain circumstances, but even a full attestation clause will be overborne by countervailing facts. ( Adams v. Rodman, 102 Wis. 456, 78 N.W. 588.) But an attestation clause is not effective as against proof to the contrary. ( In re Mendenhall's Will, supra.)
The presence or absence of testamentary capacity is a question of fact. If contestants presented any evidence to raise the question it should have gone to the jury. The question as to whether the writing is unjust or unnatural has weight in determining whether the testator was mentally competent at the time of its execution, and the degree of weight dependent upon how far the provisions of the writing departs from what would be natural is a question for the jury. We believe the court was in error in withdrawing the questions of undue influence and competency from the consideration of the jury. ( In re Gallo's Estate, 61 Cal.App. 163, 214 P. 496; In re Arnold's Estate, 147 Cal. 583, 82 P. 252.)
Joseph R. Silver died in Butte, Silver Bow county, Montana, on January 25, 1932, and in due course his purported last will and testament was filed for probate. The disposition of decedent's property under the will is as follows:
"III. I bequeath unto my daughter, Flora Orem, widow of William B. Orem, the sum of one ($1.00) dollar, she having a competency of her own sufficient to assure her of the necessities and comforts of life without any assistance from me.
"IV. I bequeath to my son, Joseph R. Silver, Jr., of Long Beach, California, the sum of one ($1.00) dollar, he having received during my lifetime advancements from me amounting in value to more than either of my other children will receive under the terms of this will.
"V. I devise all real estate of which I may die possessed to my beloved wife, Mary Silver, for the term of her natural life, and at her death to my sons, William E. Silver and Francis A. Silver, in fee simple, share and share alike.
"VI. I bequeath all personal property of which I may die possessed * * * to my sons William E. Silver and Francis A. Silver, share and share alike."
Joseph R. Silver, Jr., filed a contest which was thereafter dismissed without prejudice, and the will was admitted to probate. Thereafter Joseph R. Silver, Jr., and Flora Orem filed their petition praying that the probate of the will be revoked on the grounds (a) that the writing was not subscribed by the decedent, nor by any person in his presence nor by his direction; that it was not published in the presence of subscribing witnesses as his last will, and was not signed by two attesting witnesses in the presence of, and at the request of, the decedent; (b) that the decedent was not of sound mind or memory at the time of the pretended execution of the writing; and (c) that at the time mentioned decedent was over seventy-four years of age and greatly enfeebled in mind and body, of which fact his sons, Francis A. Silver and William E. silver, took advantage, as well as of the confidential relations existing between the decedent and Francis A. Silver, as his attorney and advisor.
The contestees denied the allegations of nonexecution, incompetency, and undue influence, and the issues thus raised were tried to the court and a jury. At the close of the taking of testimony, the court withdrew from the consideration of the jury the issues of incompetency and undue influence; instructed them only on the law respecting due execution of an instrument of this nature, and submitted to them four special interrogatories to the following effect: (1) Was the instrument subscribed by Joseph R. Silver himself in the presence of Howard and Hanley? (2) Was it acknowledged or declared by decedent to the attesting witnesses to be his will? (3) Did the decedent acknowledge or declare to Howard and Hanley that the instrument was his will? and (4) Did Howard and Hanley sign the instrument as witnesses at the request of Joseph R. Silver, in his presence and in the presence of each other? The jury answered each of these interrogatories in the negative, and upon these special findings of the jury the court entered judgment revoking the probate of the will, and declaring the instrument of no force and effect as the last will and testament of Joseph R. Silver, and revoking the letters testamentary issued to Francis A. Silver on the probate of the will. The judgment further awarded the contestants their costs, payable out of the estate. The contestees seasonably moved for a new trial on the grounds of irregularities in the proceedings of the jury, passion and prejudice, insufficiency of the evidence to warrant the findings, that the verdict is against law, and errors in law occurring during the trial. This motion was overruled, and the contestees have appealed from the judgment.
The first nine specifications of error (of which there are 38) raise the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to warrant the special findings of the jury and the judgment of the court.
The rule on appeal in this class of cases is that the verdict [1] or findings of the jury will not be disturbed if the record contains substantial evidence upon which it or they may be sustained. ( In re Carroll's Estate, 59 Mont. 403, 196 P. 996; Murphy v. Nett, 47 Mont. 38, 130 P. 451.) But our laws grant to every person over eighteen years of age and of sound mind the right to dispose of the property he has accumulated by will (sec. 6974, Rev. Codes 1921), and enjoins upon the courts the duty to give effect to the intention of the testator, if possible (sec. 7016), and, unless there is substantial evidence tending to nullify the instrument, the court should not permit it to be set aside. ( In re Cummings' Estate, 92 Mont. 185, 11 P.2d 968.)
When a will contest is instituted, the contestant assumes the [2, 3] position of the plaintiff in a civil action, and the burden rests upon him to establish the facts which he alleges will warrant the setting aside of the intention of the testator, or the declaration that the instrument challenged does not express that intention, by a preponderance of the evidence. ( Farleigh v. Kelley, 28 Mont. 421, 72 P. 756, 63 L.R.A. 319; In re Colbert's Estate, 31 Mont. 461, 78 P. 971, 972, 107 Am. St. Rep. 439, 3 Ann. Cas. 952.) This is the rule whether the contest is instituted before or after the proposed will is admitted to probate.
In the Colbert Case, above, the proponent of the will had merely petitioned the court for its probate when the state filed a protest against its probate, and, in outlining the procedure on the trial of the issues thus raised, this court, speaking through Mr. Commissioner Callaway, said: "In every will case under our statute the rule of procedure is that the proponent of the will must first make out a prima facie case; that is to say, must make such proof as would entitle the will to probate in the absence of a contest. Then the contestant attacks the validity of the will, the proponent defends the same, and the contestant rebuts the testimony of the proponent. Doubtless the proponent may surrebut any new testimony adduced for the first time in rebuttal ( Maloney v. King, 30 Mont. 158, 76 P. 4), but the contestant has the right to open and close the case." Thus, on a contest before probate, the proponent of the will must first show that the will would be entitled to probate except for the contest, whereupon the parties proceed with the trial as in a civil action; the contestant occupying the position of a plaintiff, with a right to open and close, the contestee proceeding as the defendant.
Where, however, the contest is instituted after the will has been admitted to probate, the preliminary prima facie showing has already been made and need not be repeated. "The contest is not tried upon issues tendered by the petition for probate and joined by the plea of contestant; it is tried upon issues tendered by the contestant and joined by the answer of the proponents. * * * Upon the trial of these issues the contestant is necessarily the plaintiff and has the burden of proof." ( In re Williams' Estate, 50 Mont. 142, 145 P. 957, 961.) The contest after probate must be filed "in the court in which the will was proved," and the contestant may attack either the validity of the will or the "sufficiency of the proof." (Sec. 10042, Rev. Codes 1921.) Here the only ground of contest submitted to the jury in effect challenged the sufficiency of the proof adduced on the hearing preceding its admission to probate. The contestants properly opened the trial by adducing their evidence attacking the execution of the will.
The contestants assert that the contestees "assumed the burden [4] of proving due execution [of the will] at the trial below," on the theory that they produced their testimony in support of due execution before the will was attacked on that ground, and cite authorities to the effect that, where a party has erroneously assumed the burden of proof, the appellate court will treat the appeal as though the burden had been placed on such party by law. Their position is untenable. As noted above the will had been admitted to probate before this contest was instituted, which action could only be taken on proof that "the will was executed in all particulars as required by law" (sec. 10028; sec. 10030, Rev. Codes 1921, as amended by Laws 1925, Chap. 94, sec. 1); the order admitting the will to probate, therefore, constituted a judicial determination that the will was so executed.
The law requires that the testator must declare to the two attesting witnesses that the instrument signed is his will, and that they then sign as witnesses "at the testator's request, and in his presence." (Sec. 6980, Id.) Contestants' petition alleges [5] that the "pretended will" was not signed by the testator in the presence of the persons signing as attesting witnesses, and that these latter did not sign as witnesses at the request of, and in the presence of, the testator, which allegations were denied by the contestees. The testimony, which the contestants now contend is sufficient to support the special findings of the jury and the judgment of the court, was adduced as a part of contestants' case in chief. The testimony in behalf of the contestees on this phase of the contest was in defense and refutation of the case made by the contestants. Of course, if this latter testimony disclosed facts supporting the allegations of the petition and refuting the presumption raised by the admission of the will to probate, that the will was duly executed, such evidence would support the special verdict, in that it would constitute a failure on the part of the contestees to overcome the proof adduced by the contestants. The contestees are in the same position as a party who fails to stand on a motion for nonsuit and thus assumes the risk of supplying the defects in the plaintiff's case. ( Emery Consol. M. Co. v. Erickson, 64 Mont. 190, 208 P. 935; Pure Oil Co. v. Chicago etc. Ry. Co., 56 Mont. 266, 185 P. 150; Van Vranken v. Granite County, 35 Mont. 427, 90 P. 164.)
If the will was duly executed, that act was accomplished "somewhere around three o'clock in the afternoon" of November 15, 1930, at the home of the testator and in the presence of Mary Silver, wife of the testator, Francis A. Silver, his son, George Howard and Clarence Hanley. The only testimony offered by the contestants in support of nonexecution is that of Joseph R. Silver, Jr., to the effect that he lived in California, but on the date in question was a guest in the home of his father and mother; that he was not in the house at the time mentioned, but was in the back-yard repairing a driveway to the garage; was between the house and the garage at about 3 o'clock on the afternoon of November 15, when he saw his brother, Francis A. Silver, leave the house by the side door, alone. On cross-examination the witness stated that he knew Howard and Hanley, and that they were not with Francis Silver, and finally that "I did not see Mr. Howard and Mr. Hanley in my father's home on the 15th day of November, 1930, and I mean to say they were not there."
Francis A. Silver testified that he is a lawyer residing in Helena; that at the request of his father and mother he drew a will for each, and mailed them to his parents at Butte on the 4th or 5th of November; that he was in Butte on November 15, when his mother requested that he make certain changes in her proposed will, which changes he dictated to a stenographer and caused to be made. He requested Howard and Hanley, lawyers with whom he had officed before removing to Helena, to go with him to his father's home and witness the wills. The three testified to making the trip from the office to the Silver home in Howard's car, arriving at their destination at about 3 o'clock; entering by the front door, they met the testator and his wife in the living-room. The three and Mrs. Silver testified that Francis A. Silver then stated that Howard and Hanley were there to witness the wills, to which the testator replied "Fine" or "That is fine," and stated that Mrs. Silver might sign her will first, and, while she was doing so, he looked over his will and then signed it in the presence of the witnesses, who then, in his presence and in the presence of each other, signed the will as subscribing witnesses thereto; that the three lawyers left the house together, returned to the office in Howard's car, and there Francis A. Silver placed the wills in Howard's safe.
Thus, in answering the special interrogatories, the jurors accepted, as sustaining the burden of proof on the subject of the attendance of the subscribing witnesses, the deduction of one witness that the attesting witnesses were not at the house because he did not see them there, while admitting that he could not possibly have seen them if they entered and left the house in the manner they said they did. In refutation of that deduction they had the direct and positive testimony of four witnesses that the subscribing witnesses were present at the execution of the instrument.
Our statute provides that the jurors "are not bound to decide [6] in conformity with the declarations of any number of witnesses, which do not produce conviction in their minds, against a less number, or against a presumption or other evidence satisfying their minds." (Sec. 10672, subd. 2, Rev. Codes 1921.) Under this provision, a preponderance of the evidence may be established by the testimony of a single witness as against a greater number who testify to the contrary ( Parchen v. Chessman, 53 Mont. 430, 164 P. 531), and the "direct evidence of one witness who is entitled to full credit is sufficient for proof of any fact, except perjury and treason." (Sec. 10505, Id.) But, in order to render these statutory provisions applicable, the witness must be entitled to full credit ( Bowen v. Webb, 37 Mont. 479, 97 P. 839), and his testimony must be as to facts which he knows of his own knowledge, unless the matter comes within one of the numerous exceptions to the general rule that a nonexpert witness cannot testify to opinions, inferences, and conclusions from existing facts. (Sec. 10506, Rev. Codes 1921; Watson v. Colusa-Parrot M. S. Co., 31 Mont. 513, 79 P. 14.)
Contestant's testimony as to the conclusion that Howard and Hanley "were not there" does not come within any of the exceptions noted, but that statement was brought out on cross-examination and is properly in the record; the statement, however, is unimportant; if the indirect evidence contained in the testimony of Joseph R. Silver, Jr., is sufficient to warrant the inference that the men were not there, the jury could draw that inference from the testimony without considering his conclusion. (Sec. 10600, Rev. Codes 1921.)
The contestants contend that the jurors were entitled to disregard the positive testimony of the witnesses for the contestees because of "suspicious circumstances" appearing in that testimony: First, that discredit is thrown upon the statement of Francis Silver to the effect that he drew his father's will on November 4 or 5 and mailed it to him, by the testimony of Hanley that on November 15 Francis Silver produced the two wills and laid them on the table or handed them to his father and mother. As the evidence discloses that Francis A. Silver was at his father's home on November 15, before going to the office of Howard and Hanley, and that on the arrival of the three at the house he seated Howard and Hanley in the living-room and went to the kitchen where his father and mother were, there is nothing suspicious in the fact that Francis A. Silver had the wills in his possession just prior to the signing; nor does this testimony contradict his statement that he mailed the wills on November 4 or 5; the wills could have been handed to him on either occasion on November 15 when he visited his parents alone; he was not interrogated on the subject.
Further it is asserted that the testimony of the witnesses for contestees cannot be true if Silver left the house by the side door. No witness testified that the three lawyers went out of the front door in a body, and therefore there is no material conflict in the testimony of these witnesses and that of Joseph Silver, Jr., that he saw Francis leave the house by the side door alone and did not see Howard and Hanley; if these two left by the front door, the witness could not have seen them do so, and his testimony respecting Francis' departure may well have referred to the former visit to the house.
Finally, counsel argues that the fact that the witnesses could not say just where the Howard car was parked when they started for the house, or describe the route taken on the trip, indicates that they were not telling the truth. These facts tend more to credit, than discredit, the testimony; it is not remarkable that witnesses fail to remember trifling or unimportant details of a transaction had a year and a half or two years prior to the trial. Meticulous particularity of detail and absolute identity of facts related would be more suspicious than the discrepancies and omissions noted.
However, without the testimony of these witnesses, the fact [7] that the will had been proved and admitted to probate, and that the attestation clause thereto recites that all was done that should have been done, coupled with the fact that the will was certainly signed by the testator, which fact is established by a comparison of the signature with that of the testator appearing on many checks admittedly signed by him both before and after the signing of the will, raises a presumption of due execution which could be overcome only by clear and satisfactory evidence. ( In re Miller's Estate, 37 Mont. 545, 97 P. 935; Ross v. Taylor, 39 S.D. 608, 165 N.W. 1079; In re Mendenhall's Will, 43 Or. 542, 72 P. 318, 73 P. 1033; McCurdy v. Neall, 42 N.J. Eq. 333, 7 A. 566; Peck v. Cary, 27 N.Y. 9, 84 Am. Dec. 222.)
To warrant the inference that the subscribing witnesses were [8, 9] not present at the time they say they witnessed the will, Joseph Silver's testimony could only be effective if it was shown that he was in a position to see that which he said he did not see; in other words, in order to prove that Howard and Hanley did not leave the house, the witness would be required to show that he was in a position to see the front door at the time they say they left by that door, and that, if they had so left, he would have seen them, but did not. (1 Wigmore on Evidence, 2d ed., 1068; Rau v. Northern P. Ry. Co., 87 Mont. 521, 289 P. 580.) The negative testimony of one not in a position to have seen what he says is not there is not even inconsistent with the positive testimony of witnesses who were in a position to testify affirmatively to that which they saw. ( Bergman v. Northern P. Ry. Co., (C.C.A. 8) 14 Fed. 2d 580.) "The law requires, that he who deposes to a fact, should have the means of knowing it." ( State v. Allen, 8 N.C. (1 Hawks.) 9, 9 Am. Dec. 616.) "It is a wild conceit that any court of justice is bound by mere swearing. It is swearing creditably that is to conclude its judgment." ( Casey v. Northern P. Ry. Co., 60 Mont. 56, 198 P. 141, 145; Grant v. Chicago, M. St. Paul Ry. Co., 78 Mont. 97, 252 P. 382.)
As the witness, Joseph R. Silver, Jr., at the time of which he testified, was neither in his father's house nor in a position from which he could see the front door, neither his conclusion that Howard and Hanley were not at the house at that time, nor the facts he related and from which he drew that conclusion, constituted "substantial evidence," and the findings of the jury are not only contrary to the preponderance of the evidence, but are without support in the testimony.
The only other theory upon which the special verdict could be upheld is that the testimony on behalf of the contestees itself overcame the presumption of due execution.
The law requires that the testator must subscribe the will in [10, 11] the presence of the attesting witnesses, and at that time acknowledge or declare to them that the instrument is his will, whereupon, at the testator's request and in his presence, each of the attesting witnesses shall sign his name as a witness. (Sec. 6980, Rev. Codes 1921.) It is here contended that the evidence outlined above shows that the testator did not declare the instrument to be his will, nor request Howard and Hanley to sign it as attesting witnesses, and that the failure of the memory of the witnesses as to whose pen was used and whether the signing was done on a desk against the wall or on a table in the center of the room casts doubt upon the execution of the instrument and warranted the findings of the jury.
It is not necessary that it be made to appear that the testator expressly declared to the subscribing witnesses that the document executed was his will, or that he expressly requested them to sign it as witnesses; it is sufficient if, by words or conduct at the time of execution, the testator conveyed to them the information that the document was his will and thereupon signed it in their presence and in the same manner indicated that he desired them to subscribe it as witnesses. ( In re Miller's Estate, 37 Mont. 545, 97 P. 935; In re Noyes' Estate, 40 Mont. 178, 105 P. 1013; In re Williams' Estate, 50 Mont. 142, 145 P. 957; In re Cummings' Estate, above.)
The failure of the witnesses to remember unimportant details of the execution of a will does not affect its validity ( Peck v. Cary, above); nor do trivial matters such as those set out above cast any doubt on the execution of the instrument.
The contestants having failed to overcome the above presumptions of due execution by clear and satisfactory evidence, the court should have determined, as a matter of law, that there was no substantial evidence on their behalf for submission to the jury, and, as the execution in substantial compliance with the statute was apparent, should have held the will valid, and should have granted contestees' motion for dismissal of the petition. ( In re Mullin's Estate, 110 Cal. 252, 42 P. 645; In re Ballard's Estate, 56 Okla. 149, 55 P. 894; In re Cummings' Estate, supra; see, also, Davidson v. Stagg, 94 Mont. 272, 22 P.2d 152; West v. Wilson, 90 Mont. 522, 4 P.2d 469.)
The contestants have made a number of cross-assignments of [12-15] error based on the action of the court in withdrawing from the consideration of the jury their second and third grounds of contest, and excluding certain testimony relating thereto and offers of proof thereon, and on the overruling of their objections to the reception of evidence relating to those grounds of contest. These assignments were evidently made under the assumption that such procedure was authorized by the provisions of section 9751, Rev. Codes 1921, which provides that: "Whenever the record on appeal shall contain a bill of exceptions * * * setting forth any order, ruling, or proceeding of the trial court against the respondent, affecting his substantial rights on the appeal of said cause, together with the objection and exception * * * settled and allowed in such bill, * * * the supreme court on such appeal shall consider such orders, rulings, or proceedings, * * * and shall reverse or affirm the cause on said appeal according to the substantial rights of the respective parties. * * * And no cause shall be reversed upon appeal by reason of any error committed by the trial court against the appellant, where the record shows that the same result would have been attained had such trial court not committed an error or errors against the respondent."
This section "has application only to cases in which the respondent makes cross-assignments upon errors on rulings adverse to him and preserved in a bill of exceptions, in order to enable this court to determine whether those complained of by the appellant were compensated or rendered harmless by reason of them." ( Olcott v. Gebo, 54 Mont. 35, 166 P. 300, 301.)
Consideration of alleged compensatory errors may only be indulged in with reference to the "cause on appeal," the issue which was decided against the appellant, which decision he seeks to have reviewed by the appellate court. If, on the issues brought up on appeal, this court can say that the same result would have been reached had the court not committed error against the successful litigant, the judgment must be affirmed in spite of errors committed against the losing party. However, "it was not intended by this section to do away with the necessity of an appeal by a party to a suit who feels himself aggrieved by the rulings of the court upon a cause of action separate and distinct from that which the appellant seeks to have reviewed on his appeal, even though the causes may have been properly tried in the same suit." ( Cook v. MacGinniss, 72 Mont. 280, 233 P. 129, 132.) When the court withdraws a cause of action from the consideration of the jury, as, for example, a counterclaim interposed by the defendant, and the plaintiff appeals from a judgment against him, the only compensatory errors available to the defendant on plaintiff's appeal are those committed with respect to plaintiff's case, or, if defendant has set up more than one counterclaim, and all but one be withdrawn from the consideration of the jury, and plaintiff appeals from a judgment in favor of the defendant, the latter can only make cross-assignments respecting errors committed with reference to the plaintiff's cause of action and defendant's counterclaim held to be good. Errors respecting matters not before the supreme court on the appeal may only be presented on a cross-appeal. ( Bose v. Sullivan, 87 Mont. 476, 288 P. 614; Cook v. MacGinniss, above.)
The only grounds of contest of a domestic will are found in section 10032, Rev. Codes 1921, where they are merely specified as the issues which may be raised and which the court is required to try and determine. ( State ex rel. Ruef v. District Court, 34 Mont. 96, 85 P. 866, 6 L.R.A. (n.s.) 617, 115 Am. St. Rep. 510, 9 Ann. Cas. 418.) These grounds are stated in the alternative and are distinct and unrelated; they may be joined in a single contest, but success as to any one ground is in no manner dependent upon success or failure as to any other ground mentioned. If the testator was incompetent, undue influence is eliminated, as it could not be exercised on a person lacking capacity to make a will. ( Murphy v. Nett, above.) If undue influence is shown, it is immaterial whether or not the signer of the instrument was competent. If either of these grounds is proved, due execution of the will will not save it, and, if the document offered was not duly executed, the question of competency and that of the exercise of undue influence fade from consideration.
The only question presented on contestees' appeal is as to whether or not the purported will was executed as required by law, and no error committed with reference to the charges of incompetency and undue influence can compensate the error of the court in holding that the instrument was not legally executed. True, if the proof warranted a finding that the testator was mentally incompetent to make a will, it would have entitled the contestants to the judgment awarded, but the same is true as to stricken counterclaims; the judgment would be on a separate ground or cause of action which was not submitted to the jury and on which there has been no judgment other than, in effect, a directed verdict.
Technically, these matters could only be considered on a cross-appeal from a judgment of dismissal of the additional causes of action contained in the charges of incompetency and the exercise of undue influence. However, in the interests of justice, we have carefully considered the record with reference to these charges, and are convinced that the court did not err in withdrawing them from the consideration of the jury.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded to the district court of Silver Bow county, with direction to dismiss the contest.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE CALLAWAY and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES ANGSTMAN, STEWART and ANDERSON concur.
Rehearing denied December 8, 1934.