Summary
In Torres, we said that, having found no ambiguity in § 5-66-103, we would not address the appellant's challenge to § 5-66-101.
Summary of this case from McDougal v. StateOpinion
No. 91-316
Opinion delivered May 26, 1992
1. APPEAL ERROR — JURISDICTION TO REVIEW CONSTITUTIONALITY OF ACTS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. — Arkansas Sup. Ct. R. 29(1)(c) gives the Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction of appeals in which the constitutionality of an act of the General Assembly is questioned. 2. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — APPEAL BY THE STATE. — Arkansas R. Crim. P. 36.10(b-c) allows the State to appeal following either a misdemeanor or felony prosecution if the attorney general is satisfied that error has been committed to the prejudice of the State and that the correct and uniform administration of the criminal law requires review by the Supreme Court. 3. STATUTES — STATUTES PRESUMED CONSTITUTIONAL. — Statutes are presumed constitutional, and the burden of proving a statute unconstitutional is on the party challenging it; the appellate court must construe a statute as constitutional if possible. 4. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — VAGUENESS TEST. — The norm by which a court determines when a statute is void-for-vagueness is whether it lacks ascertainable standards of guilt such that persons of average intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application; the law must give fair warning in definite language of the prohibited act and must not be so broad that it becomes susceptible to arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. 5. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — VAGUENESS — WHEN STATUTE MEETS CONSTITUTIONAL MUSTER. — A statute will meet constitutional muster if the language conveys sufficient warning when measured by common understanding and practice; all kinds of conduct falling within the reach of the statute need not be particularized. 6. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — VAGUENESS — INCLUSION OF MARGINAL CASES. — A statute will not be struck down as vague only because marginal cases could be put where doubts might arise. 7. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — VAGUENESS — DEFINITIONS PROVIDED BY CASE LAW. — Whenever the definition of general words in a criminal statute, passed pursuant to the police power, may be adequately determined through reference to judicial decisions construing the statute, it is not void-for-vagueness; uncertainty may also be cured by judicial construction discoverable by search of legal precedent other than decisions construing the statute in question. 8. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — JUDICIAL DEFINITION SAVED STATUTE FROM BEING VAGUE. — The definition of "gaming" found in Portis v. State, 27 Ark. 360 (1872), which comports with the common understanding of the term "gambling," prevents the Ark. Code Ann. 5-66-103(a) from being void-for-vagueness. 9. APPEAL ERROR — FAILURE TO OBTAIN A RULING AT TRIAL. — Where appellees failed to obtain a ruling at trial, they are precluded from raising the issue on appeal. 10. APPEAL ERROR — CONSTITUTIONALITY OF STATUTE NOT ADDRESSED WHERE STATUTE WAS NOT APPLIED. — Where the court found no ambiguity in Ark. Code Ann. 5-66-103 it did not have to resort to Ark. Code Ann. 5-66-101, the construction statute, and therefore, the court declined to rule on the constitutionality of the construction statute.
Appeal from Faulkner Circuit Court; David L. Reynolds, Judge; error declared.
Winston Bryant, Att'y Gen., by: Clint Miller, Senior Asst. Att'y Gen., for appellant.
Alan Dishongh and Herbert T. Wright, Jr., P.A., for appellees.
In August of 1991 the appellees, Jody Torres, Patsy Dunahay and David Geater were charged in the Faulkner County Circuit Court with the offense of operating a gambling house, as defined in Ark. Code Ann. 5-66-103(a) (1987). A felony information alleged that appellees Torres and Dunahay unlawfully operated the Lucky Spot Bingo establishment in Conway. Appellee Geater was charged with operating Dabbers Bingo also in Conway.
The appellees filed similar motions to dismiss the charges and the trial court agreed to decide the motions simultaneously. The appellees argued that Ark. Code Ann. 5-66-103(a), which prohibits keeping or operating a gambling house, or a place where gambling is carried on, is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. They also challenged Ark. Code Ann. 5-66-101 (1987), which provides that statutes prohibiting gaming are to be liberally construed, as violative of their constitutional due process guarantees. Following oral argument, the trial court granted appellees' motion to dismiss, finding both statutes unconstitutional.
[1, 2] This appeal is lodged by the State of Arkansas pursuant to Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 29(1)(c) and Ark. R. Crim. P. 36.10(b-c). Arkansas Sup. Ct. R. 29(1)(c) gives this court appellate jurisdiction of appeals in which the constitutionality of an act of the General Assembly is questioned. Arkansas R. Crim. P. 36.10(b-c) allows the State to appeal following either a misdemeanor or felony prosecution "[i]f the attorney general . . . is satisfied that error has been committed to the prejudice of the state, and that the correct and uniform administration of the criminal law requires review by the Supreme Court. . . ." The State alleges two points of error on appeal.
In its order the trial court found "that Ark. Code Ann. 5-66-101 (1987), the construction statute and Ark. Code Ann. 5-66-103 (1987) are vague in that [sic] provides no definition of "gambling" or "gaming house" so that the defendant could not be properly informed as to what conduct would be considered criminal and it is therefore unconstitutional."
Arkansas Code Ann. 5-66-103(a) (1987) provides:
Every person who shall keep, conduct, or operate, or who shall be interested, directly or indirectly, in keeping, conducting, or operating any gambling house or place where gambling is carried on, or who shall set up, keep, or exhibit or cause to be set up, kept or exhibited or assist in setting up, keeping, or exhibiting any gambling device or devices, either by furnishing money, or other articles for the purpose of carrying on any gambling house shall be deemed guilty of a felony and on conviction shall be confined in the State Penitentiary for not less than (1) year nor more than three (3) years.
Our review of challenges to the constitutionality of statutes begins with the principle that statutes are presumed to be constitutional. Clinton v. Bonds, 306 Ark. 554, 816 S.W.2d 169 (1991). The burden of proving a statute is unconstitutional is upon the party challenging it. Id. If it is possible to construe a statute as constitutional, we must do so. Id.
[4-6] The norm by which we determine when a statute is void-for-vagueness is whether it lacks ascertainable standards of guilt such that persons of average intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application. McGalliard v. State, 306 Ark. 181, 813 S.W.2d 768 (1991). The law must give fair warning in definite language of the prohibited act. Trice v. City of Pine Bluff, 279 Ark. 125, 649 S.W.2d 179 (1983). In addition to the fair warning, a statute is also void-for-vagueness if it is so broad that it becomes susceptible to arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. Id. Nevertheless, flexibility, rather than meticulous specificity or great exactitude, in a statute is permissible as long as its reach is clearly delineated in words of common understanding. Davis v. Smith, 266 Ark. 112, 583 S.W.2d 37 (1979). Moreover, impossible standards of specificity are not constitutionally required, even in criminal statutes. Id. A statute will meet constitutional muster if the language conveys sufficient warning when measured by common understanding and practice. Id. Additionally, it is not necessary that all kinds of conduct falling within the reach of the statute be particularized and the statute will not be struck down as vague only because marginal cases could be put where doubts might arise. Id.
The state argues that the words "gambling" and "gaming" are not unconstitutionally vague because the Arkansas Supreme Court, by case law, has previously defined the terms in Howell v. State, 184 Ark. 109, 40 S.W.2d 782 (1931); Rankin v. Mills Novelty Co., 182 Ark. 561, 32 S.W.2d 161 (1930); and, Portis v. State, 27 Ark. 360 (1872). This court has said that whenever the definition of general words in a criminal statute, passed pursuant to police power, may be adequately determined through reference to judicial decisions construing the statute, it is not void-for-vagueness. Carter v. State, 255 Ark. 225, 500 S.W.2d 368 (1973). Uncertainty may also be cured by judicial construction discoverable by search of legal precedent other than decisions construing the statute in question. See 3 Sutherland, Statutory Construction 58.02 (1986 Tem. Supp. 1992); J. Jeffries, Legality, Vagueness, and The Construction of Penal Statutes, 71 Va. L. Rev. 189, 207-208 (1985).
In Portis v. State, supra, gaming was defined as "the risking of money, between two or more persons, on a contest or chance of any kind, where one must be loser and the other gainer. Some games depend altogether on skill, others upon chance, and others are a mixed nature. Billiards are an example of the first, lotteries of the second and backgammon of the last." Id. at 362 (citing 2 Bouvier's Law Dic., 553) (emphasis in the original). This definition, previously set forth by the court, which comports with the common understanding of the term "gambling," prevents the statutes in question from being void-for-vagueness. The appellees, who operated bingo establishments where money and risk were plainly involved, had fair warning that their actions were prohibited.
Additionally, the appellees assert that 5-66-103(a) is unconstitutionally overbroad, however, the trial court did not rule on that point. The appellees had the burden of obtaining a ruling on that issue and failure to do so precludes them from raising it on appeal. Hamm v. State, 301 Ark. 154, 782 S.W.2d 577 (1990).
The Faulkner Circuit Court also found that 5-66-101 impinges on the appellees' due process rights because it directs courts to give a liberal construction to the statutes prohibiting gaming in favor of the prohibitions and against the offender, as opposed to following the rule that penal statutes are to be strictly construed.
We decline to address this issue because it was unnecessary to resort to the construction statute after finding no ambiguity in 5-66-103. ". . . [T]here is no occasion to construe a penal statute strictly or otherwise if the statute is devoid of ambiguity." W. LaFave A. Scott, Jr., Substantive Criminal Law 2.2(d) at 109 (1986).
Error Declared.