Summary
In Carter v. State, 255 Ark. 225, 500 S.W.2d 368 (1973), we held that enforcement of our prior sodomy statute did not violate the defendants' right to privacy where the act of which they were accused occurred in an automobile at a well-lighted public rest area adjacent to an interstate highway.
Summary of this case from Jegley v. PicadoOpinion
No. CR 73-82.
Opinion delivered October 8, 1973 [Rehearing denied November 13, 1973]
1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — VALIDITY OF STATUTE — PRESUMPTION CONSTRUCTION IN FAVOR OF CONSTITUTIONALITY. — The strong presumption of constitutionality attendant upon every statute requiring that all doubt be resolved in favor of constitutionality is enhanced by the highly persuasive fact that the statute was long unassailed. 2. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — SODOMY STATUTE AS VIOLATIVE OF RIGHT TO PRIVACY — PURVIEW OF LEGISLATURE. — The question of whether social changes have rendered the sodomy statute unsuitable to present society lies within the purview of the legislative branch of government. 3. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — SODOMY STATUTE AS VIOLATIVE OF FEDERAL FIRST AMENDMENT — REVIEW. — Argument that there is no legitimate state interest to be served by applying the sodomy statute to appellants, and that the statute is constitutionally forbidden by the First Amendment of the Federal Constitution prohibiting laws respecting the establishment of religion held without merit since the statute does not establish a religion but prohibits unnatural sex acts. 4. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — CONSTRUCTION OF STATUTES — DUTY OF COURTS. — It is the duty of the courts to resolve all doubt in favor of legislative action and to sustain it unless it appears to be clearly outside the scope of reasonable and legitimate regulation. 5. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — SODOMY STATUTE — LEGISLATIVE EXERCISE OF POLICE POWER. — The sodomy statute held to be a legitimate exercise of the police power by the General Assembly to promote their public health, safety, morals and welfare. 6. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — CRIMINAL STATUTES — CONSTRUCTION OPERATION. — Whenever the definition of general words in a criminal statute, passed pursuant to the police power, may be adequately determined through reference to judicial decisions construing the statute, it is not void for vagueness. 7. CRIMINAL LAW — CRUEL OR UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT — PUNISHMENT PROPORTIONATE TO OFFENSE. — Argument that enforcement of the sodomy statute constitute cruel and unusual punishment held without merit since it is within the province of the legislative branch to classify crimes and determine punishment therefor; and no punishment authorized by statute, even though sever, is cruel and unusual unless barbarous or unknown to the law, or so wholly disproportionate to the nature of the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community. 8. CRIMINAL LAW — CHARACTER OF ACCUSED — ADMISSIBILITY OF PARTICULAR ACTS. — Proof of accused's character cannot be made except by showing general reputation; it cannot be shown by specific acts or conduct. 9. CRIMINAL LAW — CHARACTER OF ACCUSED — ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE. — Where an inquiry of defendant's homosexual tendencies equated with an inquiry as to his character and the response was not an opinion of his physical or mental condition, the testimony was properly rejected. 10. CRIMINAL LAW — EXAMINATION OF WITNESS — SCOPE OF CROSS-EXAMINATION. — Where a witness, on cross-examination, evaded the question "are you a homosexual: by requesting a definition of the word "homosexual", a question by the cross-examiner to the effect that "is it not a fact that in another matter the witness testified under oath that he was and is a homosexual" was not an assertion of fact and was not erroneous. 11. WITNESSES — EXAMINATION — STATUTORY LIMITATIONS. — Provisions of Ark. Stat. Ann 28-707 — 708 are only a limit on the introduction of evidence to impeach or contradict a witness, but not upon cross-examination. 12. CRIMINAL LAW — TRIAL — INSTRUCTIONS TO JURY AFTER SUBMISSION OF CAUSE. — The fact that the trial judge, court reporter and counsel for the State and appellants entered the jury room to answer an inquiry by the jurors was not reversible error having occurred prior to Martin wherein the caveat point up the hazards in failing to follow statutory procedural requirements.
Appeal from Miller Circuit Court, John W. Goodson, Judge; affirmed.
Jim Hooper, Harkness, Friedman Kusin, and Jack Lessenberry, for appellants.
Jim Guy Tucker, Atty. Gen., by: Philip M. Wilson, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.
Appellants Carter and Burkhead were found guilty of sodomy, alleged to have occurred shortly after 11:00 p.m. in Carter's automobile which was parked at the public rest and tourist information facility adjacent to Interstate Highway 70, where other parties had parked trucks, automobiles and campers. Appellants admit the evidence is sufficient to sustain the jury verdict, if our sodomy statute is constitutional as applied to them. Thus, it will be unnecessary for us to set out the sordid testimony about the act, which appeared so revolting to one of the two deputies sheriff, who stated they observed it while patrolling the area, that he vomited thrice during the evening — the first time as an immediate reaction to his seeing what was taking place in the automobile, and the others while appellants were in custody and being "booked." Although both appellants flatly denied that they had engaged in the homosexual act related by the police officers, they contend that even if they had done it, the state's evidence only shows a consensual act in which two adult persons engaged. They were charged in the information on which they were tried with voluntary participation in an unnatural sex act in violation of Ark. Stat. Ann. 41-813 (Repl. 1964).
The principal ground for reversal is that: the statute itself is an invasion of their right of privacy, which they allege to be protected by the Fist, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States constitution; the statute is so vague and ambiguous as to deprive them of rights guaranteed by the state and federal constitutions; the application of the statute to them serves no legitimate state interest and that enforcement of he statute constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. Appellants introduce their argument with a statement that they do not suggest the statute by declared unconstitutional in every application. They contend it is "only unconstitutional overbroad as applied to consenting adults because all persons who engage in acts of sodomy are subject to prosecution under the terms of the statute, including husband and wife, consenting adults of the opposite sex, or consenting adults of the same sex, regardless of whether the act is committed in public or in private."
The very strong presumption of constitutionality attendant upon every statute, requiring that all doubt be resolved in favor of constitutionality, is enhanced by the highly persuasive fact that the statute was long unassailed. See Stone v. State, 254 Ark. 566, 494 S.W.2d 715; Williams v. State, 253 Ark. 973, 490 S.W.2d 117; Poole v. State, 244 Ark. 1222, 428 S.W.2d 628. As we said in Williams, if such a statute were in violation of federal constitutional principles, surely the thought would have long since occurred to the may legal scholars and jurists of this state. Appellants have not, by their multifaceted attack, met their very heavy burden of showing that this statute is unconstitutional.
We recently had occasion to consider and reject an attack on the constitutionality of this same statute in Connor v. State, 253 Ark. 854, 490 S.W.2d 114. We do not agree with appellants that the difference in the two cases is sufficient to justify a re-examination of our holding there. We will turn our attention to arguments asserted as new and to alleged distinctions. Appellants allege a minor was involved and consent was not established in Connor. No point was made of the participation of the minor in reaching our conclusion in Connor. The mere fact that a participant is a minor does not prevent his consenting to the act. See Strum v. State, 168 Ark. 1012, 272 S.W. 359.
We can reject all cases cited by appellants relating to acts committed in private out of hand. No such act is involved here, in spite of a rather frail argument that the act, if committed, was done in the privacy of Carter's automobile in a secluded area of a roadside park. In our opinion, the record simply does not support the idea that the act was committed in private, or in a rather remote area of the roadside park. Officer Phillips testified that the area was will lighted, and it was unnecessary for one to use a flashlight to observe people in the cars. The area is only 120 to 140 yards off the main interstate highway. It is approximately 40 to 60 yards wide. Burkhead described the area as quite crowded. He said there were a lot op people around and that some of the many cars parked in the area were near the Carter automobile. No greater degree of privacy than that shown in Connor can be said to have existed here.
We can just as readily dismiss those cases based on conduct between married persons and those rendered in jurisdictions where a "non-criminal physical relationship of homosexual nature" was involved. We do not find anything in citations to various "sex manuals" (even though they may have been best sellers) to be of such compelling force or effect that we may take judicial notice of the supposed data, arguments and recommendations of the authors, the expertise of some of whom is at least questionable. We likewise find nothing which persuades us that the Connor decision was wrong. If the legislative branch should, in the exercise of its investigative powers, find these works credible in considering statutory revision, we would acknowledge not only that the matter is, but that it should be within its province. See People v. Hurd, 5 Cal.App.3d 865, 85 Cal.Rptr. 719 (1970); People v. Ragsdale, 177 Cal.App.2d 676, 2 Cal.Rptr. 640 (1960); People v. Massey, 137 Cal.App.2d 623, 290 ).2d 906 (1955).
In some mystical manner, appellants have woven together various unrelated decisions as support for their right to privacy. These decisions all struck down some act as unconstitutional, and include those having to do with the education of children, compulsory sexual sterilization of habitual criminal offenders, interracial marriage and sexual relations, access to contraception information, private possession of obscene materials, and abortion. As we understand appellants' argument, these cases lend support to their position because they demonstrate that the expansion of the "right to privacy in matters of intimate personal preference" is based upon the courts' having taken cognizance of dramatic changes in social conditions which have made legal doctrines once appropriate become unsuited for contemporary society. If social changes have rendered our sodomy statutes unsuitable to the society in which we now live, we need not be concerned about the matter because there is a branch of our government within whose purview the making of appropriate adjustment and changes peculiarly lies. Since that branch has not acted, we adhere to the views expressed in Connor.
Appellants' argument, that there is no legitimate state interest to be served by applying the sodomy statute to them, is hinged to a very great extent upon the contention that somehow the statute is constitutionally forbidden by that clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States prohibiting laws respecting establishment of religion. We rejected this argument in Connor and reject it here, and for the same reasons. The appellants additionally assert that the state must articulate the secular, social interests the statute under attack seeks to protect, suggesting that the failure to do so shows that the only purposes served do relate to establishment of religion. We do not think a recitation of purpose in the statute is necessary. Even if we should concede, and we do not, that the state had no interest in the suppression or minimization of sexual perversion, the condition existing at the time of this offense is illustrative of a valid state interest. Officer Phillips testified that the site is often frequented by children. The two male appellants, purportedly unacquainted, met there and in only a few minutes were in an automobile in the well lighted area enjoying fellatio. On cross-examination, Officer Phillips was asked to read his arrest report. It disclosed that this area, constructed for enjoyment and rest by travelers, had come to be frequented by homosexuals and that the sheriff's office had received many complaints of such acts being observed and of visitors being approached by homosexuals. This is a clear and sufficient indications of the public interest to be served by the sodomy statute. People who come to such places for rest, recuperation and relaxation have a right to be unmolested, particularly by those in search of the exercise of their claimed right to sexual perversion, and should not expect to find in such havens as this the type of activities with which appellants were charged.
The police power is very broad and comprehensive and embraces maintenance of good order and quiet of the community, and preservation of the public morals. Williams v. State, 85 Ark. 464, 108 S.W. 838, 26 L.R.A. (n.s.) 482, 122 Am. St. Rep. 47, aff'd 217 U.S. 79, 30 S.Ct. 493, 54 L.Ed. 673, 18 Ann. Cas. 865; City of Helena v. Dwyer, 64 Ark. 424, 42 S.W. 1071. Under it, the legislature may, within constitutional limitations, prohibit all things hurtful to the comfort, safety and welfare of the people and prescribe regulations to promote the public health, moral and safety. Wright v. DeWitt School District, 238 Ark. 906, 385 S.W.2d 644; Williams v. State, supra; Dabbs v. State, 39 Ark. 353, 43 Am. Rep. 275. In its exercise the legislature had a wide discretion in determining what the public interest demands and what measures are necessary to meet these requirements, and is limited only by the principle that its acts must reasonably tend to correct some evil and promote some interest of the commonwealth to violative of any direct, positive or necessarily implied constitutional mandate, or opposed to natural right and fundamental principles of civil liberty. Wright v. DeWitt School District, supra; Fiser v. Clayton, 221 Ark. 528, 254 S.W.2d 315; Dabbs v. State, supra. See also, City of Helena v. Dwyer, supra. It is the duty of the courts to resolve all doubts in favor of the legislative action and to sustain it unless it appears to be clearly outside the scope of reasonable and legitimate regulation. William v. State, supra; Dabbs v. State, supra. In Williams, we found a legitimate state interest in prevention of annoyance to travelers by drummers soliciting for physicians, bath houses, hotels, etc.
In any event, we consider the sodomy statute to be a legitimate exercise of the police power by the General Assembly to promote the public health, safety, morals and welfare. See State v. Rhinehart, 70 Wn., 2d 649, 424 P.2d 906 (1967); People v. Hurd, 5 Cal.App.3d 865, 85 Cal.Rptr. 718 (1970).
Although appellants nowhere state, as a point for reversal, that our sodomy statute is void for vagueness, they somehow weave such an assertion into their argument that the statute serves no legitimate state interest. It is sufficient to say that whenever the definition of general words in a criminal statute, passed pursuant to the police power, any be adequately determined through reference to judicial decisions construing the statute, it is not void for vagueness. See State v. Anthony, 179 Or. 282, 169 P.2d 587 (1946). In Connor, we found the definitions in Strum v. State, 168 Ark. 1012, 272 S.W. 359; Mangrum v. State, 227 Ark. 381, 299 S.W.2d 80; Havens v. State, 217 Ark. 153, 228 S.W.2d 1003; and Smith v. State 150 Ark. 265, 234 S.W. 32, adequate to meet this challenge, if the statute were otherwise subject to attack on this score. We again reject this argument.
Appellants also argue that since a maximum sentence of 21 years may be imposed upon consenting adults for sodomy, and the maximum punishment for a husband and wife engaging in normal sexual intercourse under the same circumstances would constitute nothing more than disorderly conduct, enforcement of the statute constitute cruel and unusual punishment. Appellants call our attention to Ark. Stat. Ann. 41-1432, 41-1401 and 41-2701 (Repl. 1964). Assuming, without deciding, that these statutes, and only these, would apply in the postulated case, the greatest possible punishment would be a fine of $300 and a jail sentence of one year. In order to sustain appellants' argument here, whether it be based on cruel and unusual punishment or equal protection criteria, we would have to accept their arguments hereinabove rejected as a premise. This we cannot do. It is within the province of the legislative branch to classify crimes and determine the punishment therefor. Stout v. State, 249 Ark. 24, 458 S.W.2d 42; Thom v. State, 248 Ark. 180, 450 S.W.2d 550. No punishment authorized by statute, even though severe, is cruel and unusual unless barbarous or unknown to the law, or so wholly disproportionate to the nature of the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community. Davis v. State, 246 Ark. 838 440 S.W.2d 244. We cannot say that either appellants' eight-year sentence or the 21-year maximum fails to meet any of these tests for constitutionality.
It is a long-standing rule of this court, and generally of other courts, that in order for one to have standing to challenge the constitutionality of a legislative act the act must be unconstitutional as applied to husband and wife or consenting adults of opposite sexes. See May v. State, 254 Ark. 194, 492 S.W.2d 888; Connor v. State supra; Lienhart. v. Burton, 207 Ark. 536, 181 S.W.2d 468; Connor v. Blackwood, 176 Ark. 139, 2 S.W.2d 44; Ferguson v. Hudson, 143 Ark. 187, 220 S.W. 306. See also, City of Ft. Smith v. Scruggs, 70 Ark. 549, 69 S.W. 679, 58 L.R.A. 921, 91 A.S.R. 100.
We have held that a statute long in existence, under which many cases have been prosecuted and its validity inferentially sustained, should not be held invalid except for very cogent reasons and, then, only on the attack of one injuriously affected by it. Swaim v. State, 184 Ark. 1107, 44 S.W.2d 1098. Here we do not find cogent reasons to invalidate this act, which has existed for over 100 years, except for a reduction of the minimum punishment in 1955, and under which many prosecutions have been sustained. We further find that appellants have not been injuriously affected by its application.
We note that there are other jurisdictions which have rejected similar assaults on the constitutionality of such acts. See, e.g., Everett v. State, 465 S.W.2d 162 (Tex.Cr.App. 1971); Pruett v. State, 463 S.W.2d 191 (Tex.Cr.App. 1970); State v. White, 217 A.2d 212 (Me. 1966); State v. Rhinehart, 70 Wn.2d 649, 424 P.2d 906 (1967); People v. Hurd, 5 Cal.App.3d 865, 85 Cal.Rptr. 718 (1970); People v. Roberts, 256 Cal.App.2d 488, 64 Cal.Rptr. 70 (1967); People v. Ragsdale, 177 Cal.App.2d 676, 2 Cal.Rptr. 610 (1960); People v. Massey, 137 Cal.App.2d 623, 290 P.2d 906 (1955); Washington v. Rodriguez, 82 N.M. 428, 183 P.2d 309 (Ct.App. 1971); Jaquith v. Commonwealth, 331 Mass. 439, 120 N.E.2d 189 (1954).
We find no error in the trial court's sustaining the prosecuting attorney's objection and motion to strike testimony of the professed fiancee of Burkhead in response to the question "Have you ever known Tom Burkhead to have any tendencies toward being a homosexual?" We do not take this response to be a statement of the witness' opinion of either the physical or mental condition of Burkhead, as argued by appellants. The inquiry is more nearly equated with one as to this appellant's character. We have defined character to be "what a person is and to include natural and acquired traits. Riddle v. Riley, 118 Ark. 206, 176 S.W. 134. Proof of character cannot be made except by showing general reputation and not by specific acts or conduct. In Henson v. State, 239 Ark. 727, 393 S.W.2d 856, the defendant presented the testimony of three young women, each saying that she had been alone with the defendant and he had never attempted to make any advance to her. The state rebutted this testimony by testimony of two other women that defendant had raped them. This court reversed the conviction, saying that none of the women should have been allowed to testify, because their testimony constituted an effort to show the character of the defendant by specific acts and was, therefore, erroneously admitted. We said that the evidence offered by the defendant was clearly inadmissible. The analogy is certainly sufficient to justify the exclusion of this testimony in the case before us.
In addition, however, we find authorities in other states have treated the particular question directly. In Berger v. State, 179 Md. 410, 20 A.2d 146 (1941), the refusal to permit the wife of a defendant charged with an unnatural and perverted attack on another woman to be asked if her husband had ever shown any sexual abnormalities was held proper. In State v. Sinnott, 24 N.J. 408,
132 A.2d 298 (1957), a sodomy case, the court refused to allow psychiatric testimony that the defendant did not have sexual deviate traits. Both courts held that such inquiries went to the character of the defendant, which could be proved only be general reputation of the accused and not be evidence of particular acts or conduct or testimony of intimates. Attempted showing of good character of one charged with taking indecent liberties with females under the age of 15, by showing a lack of previous incidents, was also held improper in State v. Fairbanks, 25 Wn.2d 696, 171 P.2d 845 (1946). We find ample authority for the rejection of the testimony in the cases cited and find textual support in 22A C.J.S. 898, Criminal Law, 691 (39).
Appellants also assert that reversible error was committed by the prosecuting attorney in cross-examining Carter, and that their motion for i=mistrial on the ground was erroneously denied. The questioned interrogatory was asked after Carter had declined to answer when asked if he was a homosexual unless the word be defined by the questioner. When this occurred the cross-examiner propounded and received a negative answer to the following question:
. . . Is it not a fact, and I want to remind you that you are under oath now; is it not a fact that in another matter in this very court room, on that stand, that you testified under oath that you were, and are, a homosexual?
At the outset we do not agree with appellants that this form of question constitutes a stronger assertion of fact than it would have it begun with the words "Did you know that . . .?" We do not consider the question as worded to constitute an assertion of fact at all, particularly since the matter was to pursued when a negative answer was given. Neither do we agree that there is any assertion that Carter was involved in another prosecution. "[A]nother matter in this very court, on that stand" could as easily be taken to refer to a civil case as to a criminal one, and if taken to be the latter, to the prosecution of someone other than Carter.
In the light of Carter's evasion of preceding questions, we find no error here. Carter was subject to the same latitude of cross-examination as any other witness. But appellants contend that Carter could be impeached only under Ark. Stat. Ann. 28-707 and 708 (Repl. 1962). Appellants misapprehend the proper application of these statutes. They are only a limit on the introduction of evidence to impeach or contradict the witness, but not upon his cross-examination. See Wilson v. Thurston National Insurance Company, 251 Ark. 929, 475 S.W.2d 991. These statutes probably would have come into play had the state attempted to contradict the negative answer given by Carter. See Holcomb v. State, 218 Ark. 608, 238 S.W.2d 505; Bockman v. Rorex, supra.
Appellants argue that there was reversible error in that the trial judge, court reporter and counsel for both state and appellants went into the jury room for the purpose of answering an inquiry by jurors. We hasten to point out that this occurred before our decision in Martin v. State, 254 Ark. 1065, 497 S.W.2d 268. The record discloses an identical procedure here and in Martin. We hold that the error was not reversible on the authority of Martin. We trust that the caveat there is adequate to point up the hazards involved in such a procedure, and are confident that resort will not be had to it in the future.
Since appellants have failed to demonstrate that there was any reversible error, the judgment is affirmed.