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Rock v. Cabral

Supreme Court of Ohio
Aug 11, 1993
67 Ohio St. 3d 108 (Ohio 1993)

Summary

holding that a trial court may impute potential income to a parent who is voluntarily underemployed for the purpose of calculating a child support obligation

Summary of this case from Chapman v. Adkins

Opinion

No. 92-1598

Submitted April 28, 1993 —

Decided August 11, 1993.

APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Medina County, No. 2064.

Appellee, John Curtis Rock, and appellant, Barbara Cabral, formerly Barbara Rock, were married in 1971. In August 1989, the marriage was dissolved by decree in the Court of Common Pleas of Medina County. Under the terms of the decree of dissolution, appellant retained sole custody of the parties' two children, David William Rock, born September 30, 1971, and Margaret Lynne Rock, born January 30, 1975. Appellee was ordered to pay child support for David and Margaret.

By the summer of 1990, Margaret began expressing a desire to live with her father. Thus, in August 1990, appellee filed, in the court of common pleas, a motion for a change in Margaret's custody. Appellee also moved the court to order appellant to pay child support for Margaret. On October 11, 1990, the trial court granted appellee's motion for change of custody, awarded appellee sole custody of Margaret, and terminated appellee's monthly child support obligation for Margaret. In January 1991, a court-appointed referee conducted a hearing on appellee's motion for an award of child support. The following facts are not in dispute.

David Rock was emancipated prior to August 1990.

Appellant remarried in May 1990 and is financially supported by her new husband. Appellant holds a B.A. degree in accounting from the University of Akron. In 1989, appellant earned approximately $7,000 working for four to five and one-half months in the field of accounting. Appellant testified that someone with a B.A. in accounting could earn a starting salary of $15,000 to $22,000 per year. However, at the time of the hearing, appellant was self-employed in a weaving business she started sometime prior to the change in Margaret's custody. In 1989, appellant's weaving business generated a net profit of $518. For 1990, appellant claimed a net loss exceeding $11,000. Appellant apparently anticipated that her weaving business would generate little or no income in 1991. Appellant testified that her sole purpose for obtaining a degree in accounting was to help her run the weaving business. The referee found this claim of appellant lacking in credibility.

At the time of the hearing, appellee was employed as a full-time school teacher. For the 1990-1991 school year, appellee expected to earn $41,108 in gross income. Pursuant to the terms of the parties' separation agreement, incorporated in the decree of dissolution, appellant and appellee were to share the expenses of David's college education. For 1991, appellee expected to pay $6,600 for his share of David's college expenses. Appellant's share of the expenses was an estimated $2,828.

On April 30, 1991, the referee filed her report and recommendation with the trial court. The referee determined that appellant was "capable of earning more than her [weaving] business generates" and recommended that $14,000 of income be imputed to appellant for purposes of calculating appellant's support obligation. The referee determined that imputing $14,000 of annual income to appellant was reasonable based upon appellant's actual earnings in 1989 during her approximately five-month employment in the accounting field. A completed child support computation worksheet was appended to the referee's report. Based upon the worksheet calculation (imputing $14,000 of potential income to appellant on line 1 of the worksheet) and the R.C. 3113.215(D) child support schedule, the referee recommended that appellant be ordered to pay $128.54 per month in child support. In an order dated October 24, 1991, the trial court adopted the referee's recommendation, stating in part:

"Barbara Rock has a degree in accounting and is capable of earning more money than the Referee imputed to her.

"If she chooses to indulge in a weaving business, that is her choice, but the fact remains she is obligated to pay her proportionate share of child support.

"* * * The Court adopts the recommendation of the Referee in toto as its Order."

On appeal, appellant argued that the trial court erred in imputing $14,000 of income to her for purposes of calculating her child support obligation. The court of appeals rejected appellant's contentions and affirmed the judgment of the trial court. The court of appeals held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that appellant was voluntarily underemployed, and in imputing $14,000 of income to appellant for purposes of calculating her support obligation.

The cause is now before this court pursuant to the allowance of a motion to certify the record.

Prudence C. Spink, for appellee.

Allen M. Cabral, for appellant.


R.C. 3113.215 governs the procedures a trial court must follow in calculating and awarding child support. The calculation of support must be made in accordance with the basic child support schedule set forth in R.C. 3113.215(D), and the applicable sample or "model" worksheet in R.C. 3113.215(E) or (F). R.C. 3113.215(B)(1). The amount calculated through line 18 of the applicable child support computation worksheet is "rebuttably presumed" to be the correct amount of child support due. Id. Court-ordered deviations from the schedule and worksheet are not permitted absent full and strict compliance with the requirements of R.C. 3113.215(B)(1)(a) and (b). See Marker v. Grimm (1992), 65 Ohio St.3d 139, 601 N.E.2d 496. The overriding concern of the legislation is to ensure the best interest of the child(ren) for whom support is being awarded. Id. at 141-142, 601 N.E.2d at 498.

In computing child support in accordance with the provisions of R.C. 3113.215, a trial court must determine the annual income of each of the child's parents. R.C. 3113.215(A)(1) provides that:

"`Income' means either of the following:

"(a) For a parent who is employed to full capacity, the gross income of the parent;

"(b) For a parent who is unemployed or underemployed, the sum of the gross income of the parent, and any potential income of the parent." (Emphasis added.)

R.C. 3113.215(A)(5) provides in part:

"`Potential income' means * * * for a parent that the court determines is voluntarily unemployed or voluntarily underemployed:

"(a) The income that the court determines the parent would have earned if fully employed as determined from the parent's employment potential and probable earnings based on the parent's recent work history, the parent's occupational qualifications, and the prevailing job opportunities and salary levels in the community in which the parent resides[.]"

Thus, in calculating and awarding child support, a trial court must consider the "potential income" as well as the gross income of a parent the court determines to be voluntarily unemployed or underemployed. The "potential income" to be imputed to such parent for purposes of calculating his or her support obligation is to be determined based upon the amount the parent would have earned if he or she had been "fully employed." R.C. 3113.215(A)(5)(a). That amount is to be determined by the parent's employment potential and probable earnings based on the parent's recent work history, job qualifications, and the prevailing job opportunities and salary levels in the community in which the parent resides. Id.

Appellant contends that the trial court erred in finding that she was "voluntarily underemployed" within the meaning of R.C. 3113.215(A). Appellant suggests that a person is voluntarily underemployed within the meaning of the statute only if he or she has purposely reduced earnings in an effort to reduce his or her child support obligation. We disagree.

The language of R.C. 3113.215(A)(5) is clear and unambiguous. Nothing in the statute requires proof that an obligor intended to evade a higher support obligation by not obtaining employment commensurate with education, qualifications and ability. The primary design and purpose of R.C. 3113.215 are to protect and ensure the best interests of children. See Marker, supra, 65 Ohio St. 3 d at 141-142, 601 N.E.2d at 498. The parent's subjective motivations for being voluntarily unemployed or underemployed play no part in the determination whether potential income is to be imputed to that parent in calculating his or her support obligation.

Black's Law Dictionary (6 Ed. 1990) 1575, defines "voluntarily" as follows: "Done by design or intention, intentional, proposed, intended, or not accidental. Intentionally and without coercion."

Further, the question whether a parent is voluntarily ( i.e., intentionally) unemployed or voluntarily underemployed is a question of fact for the trial court. Absent an abuse of discretion, that factual determination will not be disturbed on appeal. See, generally, Booth v. Booth (1989), 44 Ohio St.3d 142, 541 N.E.2d 1028 (applying abuse of discretion standard to matters involving child support). "`The term "abuse of discretion" connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.'" Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 5 OBR 481, 482, 450 N.E.2d 1140, 1142. Here, the trial court determined that appellant has an accounting degree and the ability to earn more as an accountant than in her chosen occupation as a weaver. The trial court found that appellant obtained a degree in accounting to support herself in the accounting profession, but that her remarriage in May 1990 enabled appellant to pursue a full-time career as a weaver. Thus, the trial court found that appellant was voluntarily underemployed in her occupation as a weaver. We find no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court in making these findings.

Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in imputing $14,000 of potential income to appellant since that amount represents nearly twice as much money as appellant has ever earned on an annual basis in any profession. However, the amount of potential income to be imputed to a child support obligor who is found to be voluntarily unemployed or voluntarily underemployed is a matter to be determined by the trial court in applying the provisions of R.C. 3113.215 and, specifically, R.C. 3113.215(A)(5). Again, absent an abuse of discretion, the trial court's determination will not be disturbed on appeal. This is so even though the evidence showed that the salary range for beginning accountants was $15,000 to $22,000 per year in the community in which appellant resides. Based upon this evidence, the trial court could have imputed an even greater amount of income to appellant than the $14,000 found by the trial court to be appropriate.

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the question whether a parent is voluntarily underemployed within the meaning of R.C. 3113.215(A)(5), and the amount of "potential income" to be imputed to a child support obligor, are matters to be determined by the trial court based upon the facts and circumstances of each case. The determination will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. We find no abuse of discretion in this case.

As a final matter, we note that the referee and the trial court, in admirable fashion, calculated appellant's support obligation using a child support computation worksheet similar to the R.C. 3113.215(E) model worksheet. The $14,000 of imputed income appears on line 1, column II of the worksheet as appellant's "[a]nnual gross income from employment." We find that where, as here, the trial court sets forth reasons in its journal entry for imputing income to a child support obligor and specifically identifies the amount of potential income imputed, it is appropriate for the court to include potential income on line 1 of the model worksheet. In the future, a better practice for courts to follow might be to include an obligor's potential income on line 5 of the worksheet as "[o]ther annual income." In any event, whether potential income is included on line 1 or line 5 of the model worksheet, an appellate court must be able to ascertain from the trial court's journal entry the amount of potential income imputed, and the trial court's reasons for imputing income to a child support obligor. We have no difficulty in this case ascertaining, for purposes of appellate review, the reasons of the trial court for the action taken. The trial court's journal entry is a model of clarity.

For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.

MOYER, C.J., A.W. SWEENEY, WRIGHT, F.E. SWEENEY and PFEIFER, JJ., concur.

RESNICK, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.


I concur in the syllabus announced by the majority, but I dissent from the result that is reached by its application to the facts of this case. I would find that the trial court abused its discretion in determining that appellant was "voluntarily underemployed."

As stated by the majority, the question of whether a parent is voluntarily underemployed is a question of fact for the trial court and absent an abuse of the court's discretion, such factual determination will not be disturbed on appeal. It is clear to me that the facts of this case do not support a finding of voluntary underemployment.

The dates of various events in this case are extremely significant to the determination of the case. At the time the marriage was dissolved in 1989, appellant retained sole custody of the parties' two children. One year later, the younger child, Margaret, expressed a desire to live with her father. In October 1990, custody of Margaret was awarded to appellee. When appellee moved for change of custody, he sought child support payments from appellant.

Crucial to a determination of this case is the fact that appellant started her weaving business sometime prior to the change in custody. She earned approximately $7,000 in 1989 as an accounting intern and received her accounting degree in 1990. Her weaving business showed a small profit in 1989 and a loss in 1990.

Apparently the trial court completely ignored the fact that appellant started her weaving business before she was awarded an accounting degree and before Margaret's custody change. The trial court also seemed to gloss over the fact that although appellant earned money in the accounting field, it was through an internship undertaken prior to graduation and was not appellant's full-time career. During much of this time she conducted the weaving business.

The majority notes that the referee found appellant's claim that she obtained an accounting degree to help her run her business lacked credibility. Such determination appears arbitrary considering the facts and circumstances of this case. Because appellant was engaged in the weaving business prior to receiving an accounting degree, I would find appellant's stated reason for obtaining an accounting degree very reasonable and completely plausible. Further, all that is relevant to this case is that appellant has a degree in accounting and was self-employed. To impute an income of $14,000 to appellant, who never earned that amount of money, is totally unreasonable.

Moreover, it should be noted that this is not a case involving a modification of child support. This is a case of change of custody with a new child support order. As she was not previously paying child support, there is no financial baseline for appellant in this case. In determining child support obligations, the court should take appellant as it found her at the time of Margaret's custody change, i.e., as a self-employed artist.

I am amazed that the majority allowed the somewhat condescending attitude expressed by the trial court to pass unchallenged. In particular, the trial court found that appellant had a degree in accounting and stated: "If she chooses to indulge in a weaving business, that is her choice * * *." Chooses to "indulge"? I must ask if the trial court would have used the same tone had appellant chosen to join the Peace Corps instead of operating a weaving business. In my mind, the result reached in this case is as ludicrous as imputing the income of an orthopedic surgeon to Albert Schweitzer.

I find that the result reached in this case is an outrageous misapplication of R.C. 3113.215. Appellant has an accounting degree and has chosen to pursue a career as an artist. The finding of the trial court is both unreasonable and arbitrary and, as a result, is an abuse of discretion. This is not voluntary underemployment within the ambit of R.C. 3113.215(A)(5); therefore, I respectfully dissent.


Summaries of

Rock v. Cabral

Supreme Court of Ohio
Aug 11, 1993
67 Ohio St. 3d 108 (Ohio 1993)

holding that a trial court may impute potential income to a parent who is voluntarily underemployed for the purpose of calculating a child support obligation

Summary of this case from Chapman v. Adkins

finding that a mother, who had a degree in accounting, was voluntarily underemployed as a weaver and imputing an income of $14,000 that she could have earned if she worked as an accountant

Summary of this case from Smart v. Smart

affirming a finding of voluntary underemployment where the obligor had employment that was not commensurate with her education, qualifications and ability

Summary of this case from Rhodes v. Rhodes

construing former R.C. 3113.215

Summary of this case from Ayers v. Ayers

imputing income

Summary of this case from Dangelo v. Dangelo

construing former R.C. 3113.215

Summary of this case from Ayers v. Ayers

referring to the analogous provisions found in former R.C. 3113.215

Summary of this case from Huth v. Huth

applying former R.C. 3113.215

Summary of this case from Funkhouser v. Funkhouser

involving support obligation under R.C. 3113.215 (repealed)

Summary of this case from Fraelich v. Parrish

applying an abuse of discretion standard of review to a trial court's factual determinations on child support issues

Summary of this case from City of Columbus v. Repine

In Rock v. Cabral (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 108, 616 N.E.2d 218, syllabus, the Ohio Supreme Court held that "[w]hether a parent is `voluntarily underemployed' * * * and the amount of `potential income' to be imputed to a child support obligor, are matters to be determined by the trial court based upon the facts and circumstances of each case."

Summary of this case from Kiehborth v. Kiehborth

stating a "parent's subjective motivations for being voluntarily unemployed or underemployed play no part in the determination of whether potential income is to be imputed to that parent in calculating his or her support obligation"

Summary of this case from Nation v. Nation

applying R.C. 3113.215, the predecessor to the current R.C. 3119.01

Summary of this case from Ruark v. Smith

stating that "[t]he term `abuse of discretion' connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable"

Summary of this case from STATE EX REL ROCK v. SCH EMP RETIREMENT BD

In Rock v. Cabral (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 108, the Ohio Supreme Court found that before a court imputes income to a party, it must find the party was voluntarily underemployed, and the court must consider prevailing job opportunities in the community.

Summary of this case from Hambach v. Hambach

In Rock, the appellant earned approximately $7,000 working four to five months, and conceded someone with her qualifications could earn $15,000 to $22,000 per year.

Summary of this case from Hambach v. Hambach

In Rock, the court rejected the argument that a parent is voluntarily underemployed within the meaning of the statute only if he has purposefully reduced his earnings in an effort to reduce his child support obligation.

Summary of this case from Smith v. Truitt

In Rock, the Supreme Court of Ohio indicated that a trial court must consider the "potential income" and the gross income "of a parent, the court determines to be voluntarily unemployed or underemployed."

Summary of this case from Albanese v. Albanese

In Rock v. Cabral (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 108, 616 N.E.2d 218, DePalmo v. DePalmo (1997), 78 Ohio St.3d 535, 679 N.E.2d 266, and Pauly,supra, the court repeated the Marker holding that court-ordered deviations from the child support schedule and worksheet are not permitted unless the court fully and strictly complies with the statute.

Summary of this case from Roddy v. Roddy

In Rock, supra, the Court emphasized that before a trial court may impute income to a parent, the trial court must make a finding that the parent is voluntarily unemployed or underemployed.

Summary of this case from Clark v. Smith

In Rock, the referee determined that the parent in that case was "`capable of earning more than her [weaving] business generates'" and recommended that income based on her actual earnings in a prior year be imputed to the parent for purposes of calculating her support obligation.

Summary of this case from Banks v. Banks

In Rock, the court emphasized that before a trial court may impute income to a parent, the trial court must make a finding that the parent is voluntarily unemployed or underemployed.

Summary of this case from Inscoe v. Inscoe

In Rock, the court repeated the Marker holding that court-ordered deviations from the child support schedule and worksheet are not permitted unless the court fully and strictly complies with the statute.

Summary of this case from Inscoe v. Inscoe
Case details for

Rock v. Cabral

Case Details

Full title:ROCK, APPELLEE, v. CABRAL, F.K.A. ROCK, APPELLANT

Court:Supreme Court of Ohio

Date published: Aug 11, 1993

Citations

67 Ohio St. 3d 108 (Ohio 1993)
616 N.E.2d 218

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