Opinion
Docket Nos. 131179, 131564.
Decided August 3, 1992, at 9:00 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Bauckham, Sparks, Rolfe Thomsen, P.C. (by John H. Bauckham, John K. Lohrstorfer, and Eileen W. Wicklund), for the plaintiff.
Marco S. Menezes, for Garth, Rita, and Oneida Erbes.
Herrinton, Herrinton Tacoma, P.C. (by Lois H. Herrinton), for Herrinton, Herrinton Tacoma, P.C., and James C. Herrinton and Lois H. Herrinton.
Before: BRENNAN, P.J., and HOLBROOK, JR., and McDONALD, JJ.
In these cases consolidated on appeal, defendants, Garth Erbes, Rita L. Erbes, and Oneida Erbes, appeal as of right an Osceola Circuit Court judgment and order enjoining them from manufacturing or assembling pallets on their farm as a business use contrary to the plaintiff's zoning ordinance. Appellants Herrinton, Herrinton Tacoma, P.C., James C. Herrinton, and Lois H. Herrinton (the Herrintons) also appeal as of right from the part of the same judgment that ordered sanctions against them in the amount of $750. The Herrintons were the Erbes' attorneys for the circuit court action and were ordered to pay sanctions by the circuit court for filing a motion to dismiss and a supporting brief for an improper purpose. We affirm the circuit court judgment, but vacate that part of the judgment ordering sanctions against the Herrintons.
Oneida Erbes owns approximately forty acres of farmland in Richmond Township. Garth and Rita Erbes, Oneida's son and daughter-in-law, live with Oneida and maintain the property. Defendants continue a small traditional farming operation on the property.
In 1978, the Richmond Township Board adopted a resolution for zoning the township. The hearing was held on August 14, 1978. The parties dispute whether the hearing was held by the township board or by the newly established zoning board. Minutes of the meeting were taken by the township clerk, but apparently no minutes of the meeting were taken by a member of the township's zoning board. Attendance vouchers indicate that several members of the zoning board were present. The former township clerk testified at trial that neither the proposed ordinance nor a zoning map were available at the hearing.
On December 4, 1978, the Richmond Township Board adopted the proposed zoning ordinance. The version of the ordinance adopted by the board classified defendants' property as residential.
On January 18, 1983, plaintiff adopted a "compilation" of its ordinances, incorporating much of the 1978 zoning ordinance, along with amended and additional sections. The amended zoning ordinance, now included in the 1983 compilation, was entitled Ordinance No. 9.
In 1985, Garth and Rita Erbes began to make wood pallets from wood grown on the wood lot on the farm. A pallet is a wooden platform made of slats cut from low-grade lumber and nailed or stapled together. As production increased, the operation developed into an informal cooperative utilizing wood cut from neighboring farms and sawed at local mills or on portable farm sawmills. Local farmers then used the materials to make pallets, with some of the construction taking place at defendants' farm. Defendants distributed materials and collected pallets because many of the participants in the pallet operation were Amish and did not have motor vehicles or telephones.
On July 1, 1987, Garth Erbes contacted Richard Kirch, the Richmond Township zoning administrator, and inquired regarding whether defendants could construct a pole barn on the property for the purposes of storage, horse stalls, and pallet assembly. Kirch told him that the uses were permitted because the property was zoned agricultural. The parties dispute whether Kirch later told defendants that the zoning did not permit use of the building for pallet assembly. Defendants applied for and received a building permit for the pole barn.
Defendants then constructed the pole barn at an approximate cost of $10,000. The county building inspector inspected the barn and issued the compliance permit on August 6, 1987. Defendants commenced pallet assembly in the barn. On October 1, 1987, Garth Erbes contacted Kirch concerning proposed additions to the barn. Kirch informed him that pallet assembly activities on defendants' property were in violation of the township zoning ordinance. Garth Erbes then applied for a zoning permit and a building permit to make the additions to the barn. The permit applications were denied.
On December 4, 1987, Kirch issued defendants a notice of zoning violation, stating that defendants were violating Ordinance No. 9 by conducting an industrial operation in a nonindustrial-use zone. Kirch issued a similar notice on January 14, 1988, and a third notice on March 7, 1988. The third notice charged defendants with violating §§ 20.804 to 20.806 of the zoning ordinance. Defendants claim that these sections are not included in the 1983 compilation of the ordinance, and are instead found in the 1978 zoning ordinance, which the township contends was incorporated into the 1983 version.
Plaintiff then brought criminal charges against defendants in district court alleging violation of Ordinance No. 9. Those charges were dismissed without prejudice. Plaintiff also instituted a civil action in circuit court, seeking injunctive relief for the zoning violation. Defendants counterclaimed, contending that the township's zoning ordinance was invalid because it was improperly enacted. Defendants further contended that even if the zoning ordinance were valid, the Right to Farm Act, MCL 286.471 et seq.; MSA 12.122(1) et seq., permitted defendants to carry on their pallet operation.
Following an eight-day bench trial held between June 20, 1989, and January 12, 1990, the trial court issued its opinion on April 11, 1990. Relevant to the issues on appeal, the trial court found that the August 14, 1978, hearing was a joint hearing by the township board and the zoning board. The court found that the text of the ordinance and a zoning map were available at the hearing and that the zoning board did not make substantive changes to the ordinance after it was adopted by the township board on December 4, 1978. The trial court then held that plaintiff was not obligated to strictly comply with the procedural requirements of the Township Rural Zoning Act, MCL 125.271 et seq.; MSA 5.2963(1) et seq., and that defendants were estopped on the basis of public policy from challenging any procedural irregularities in the enactment of the ordinance. The trial court rejected defendants' argument that the Right to Farm Act protected their pallet operation. The court concluded that defendants were precluded by the ordinance from conducting the pallet operation, which constituted an unlawful extension of a nonconforming use.
During the proceedings before the circuit court, the Herrintons filed a motion to dismiss on behalf of defendants. The motion sought dismissal pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (9), and was filed with documentary evidence appended. Plaintiff responded to the motion on November 2, 1989. The Herrintons also filed a brief supporting the motion, but did not file the brief until November 1, 1989, and it was not received by plaintiff's counsel until November 3, the Friday before a scheduled Monday hearing. Plaintiff moved for an award of attorney fees, contending that both the motion and the brief were untimely.
On July 5, 1990, the circuit court issued an opinion and order granting plaintiff's request for sanctions. The circuit court found that defendants' motion to dismiss was untimely, that the documentary evidence was improperly appended to the motion, and that the brief supporting the motion was filed untimely and improperly.
On July 18, 1990, the circuit court issued its judgment and order permanently enjoining defendants from conducting their pallet operation on their property, except for pallets constructed from wood grown on their property.
DOCKET NO. 131564
In this case, defendants appeal the circuit court's order permanently enjoining them from conducting their pallet operation, raising several issues. We find their third issue dispositive of most of their remaining issues, and address this issue first.
Defendants contend that the trial court erred in holding that they were estopped on the basis of public policy from challenging any procedural irregularities in the enactment of the ordinance. Defendants maintain that they should not be barred where plaintiff has failed to show that it would be prejudiced by such a challenge. We disagree.
When a zoning ordinance has been the subject of public acquiescence and reliance for a lengthy time, the reasonableness of a belated challenge is questionable. Edel v Filer Twp, 49 Mich. App. 210, 214; 211 N.W.2d 547 (1973); Northville Area NonProfit Housing Corp v Walled Lake, 43 Mich. App. 424, 434-435; 204 N.W.2d 274 (1972). In Edel, a challenge to a zoning ordinance eighteen years after its enactment based on a claim that the township failed to strictly comply with the notice requirements of the enabling legislation was held to be precluded by estoppel and by overriding policy considerations. The Court in Northville concluded that a challenge to a zoning ordinance four years after its enactment on the ground that the ordinance was improperly enacted was precluded on public policy grounds. In this case, defendants challenged the zoning ordinance thirteen years after its enactment. During that time, township officials and residents acted in accordance with the ordinance, and no challenges were made with regard to the validity of its enactment. Consequently, we affirm the trial court's decision that defendants are estopped from challenging the ordinance as having been improperly enacted.
Defendants argue that the trial court erred in holding that plaintiff was not obligated to strictly comply with the procedural requirements of the Township Rural Zoning Act. We recognize that townships lack authority to zone except as specifically granted in the enabling legislation, and that the mandatory provisions of such enabling legislation require compliance. See Fox Associates, Inc v Hayes Twp, 162 Mich. App. 647, 650; 413 N.W.2d 465 (1987); Krajenke Buick Sales v Hamtramck City Engineer, 322 Mich. 250, 255; 33 N.W.2d 781 (1948); Davis v Imlay Twp Bd, 7 Mich. App. 231, 236; 151 N.W.2d 370 (1967). However, failure to strictly comply with the mandatory procedures of the act does not necessarily invalidate an ordinance. See Brae Burn, Inc v Bloomfield Hills, 350 Mich. 425, 429; 86 N.W.2d 166 (1957); Brown v Shelby Twp, 360 Mich. 299, 307; 103 N.W.2d 612 (1960). Regardless of whether plaintiff was required to strictly comply with the act's procedures, its failure to do so does not require invalidation of the ordinance, because the defendants' challenge was untimely.
Defendants further argue that the trial court made findings against the great weight of the evidence when it found that the August 14, 1978, hearing was a joint hearing by the township board and the zoning board, the text of the ordinance and the zoning map were available at the hearing, and the zoning board did not make substantive changes to the ordinance after it was adopted by the township board on December 4, 1978.
Defendants did not move timely for a new trial and therefore failed to preserve this issue for review. Jenkins v Raleigh Trucking Services, Inc, 187 Mich. App. 424, 429; 468 N.W.2d 64 (1991). Nevertheless, this Court could review the issue if failure to consider it would result in a miscarriage of justice. Petrus v Dickinson Co Bd of Comm'rs, 184 Mich. App. 282, 288; 457 N.W.2d 359 (1990). No miscarriage of justice will result from our failure to review the issue because defendants are estopped from challenging the ordinance as having been improperly enacted.
Next, defendants contend that plaintiff failed to comply with the notice requirements of the Township Rural Zoning Act, MCL 125.279; MSA 5.2963(9), when it adopted the 1983 compilation of ordinances, which contains Ordinance No. 9. Notwithstanding defendants' failure to cite authority for their position that the entire compilation is invalid because certain sections were amended without adherence to the proper procedure, defendants are again estopped from challenging the ordinance on public policy grounds. Edel, supra; Northville, supra. Moreover, the trial court correctly found that the changes in the text of the 1978 ordinance as compiled in the 1983 ordinance were not relevant to defendants' property.
The next issue raised by defendants is whether the adoption and enforcement of Ordinance No. 9 deprives defendants of due process of law. However, the trial court did not address this issue, and our review is limited to issues actually decided by the trial court. Lowman v Karp, 190 Mich. App. 448, 454; 476 N.W.2d 428 (1991).
We find that defense counsel improperly presented this issue on appeal. First, defendants' trial counsel, the Herrintons, attempted to raise and argue this issue on behalf of defendants in the Herrintons' brief on appeal. Because the Herrintons no longer represent defendants in this matter, the Herrintons are without standing to raise the issue. Ford Motor Co v Jackson (On Rehearing), 399 Mich. 213, 226; 249 N.W.2d 29 (1976); Grace Petroleum Corp v Public Service Comm, 178 Mich. App. 309, 312-313; 443 N.W.2d 790 (1989). Second, the Herrintons note in their brief on appeal that they separated their appeal from that of defendants, their former clients, because they wanted to dedicate their brief to raising their appeal of the sanction. The Herrintons thought that raising their issue and defendants' issues in one brief would be unfair to defendants, who required the full fifty pages allowed by MCR 7.212(B) for their brief. The Herrintons proceeded in their brief on appeal, however, to use approximately twenty-five pages discussing issues on behalf of defendants, which the Herrintons lack standing to raise. Third, defendants' appellate counsel filed a fifty-page brief on behalf of defendants. With regard to the issue of due process, defendants' appellate counsel simply referenced the Herrintons' brief without presenting any argument other than a list of citations.
An appellant must properly argue issues identified in the statement of the questions in order to properly present an appeal. Midland v Helger Construction Co, Inc, 157 Mich. App. 736, 745; 403 N.W.2d 218 (1987). We believe defendants' appellate counsel and former trial counsel acted deceptively to circumvent the page limitations of MCR 7.212(B). Accordingly, plaintiff is entitled to appellate costs because the appellate briefs of defendants' appellate counsel and former trial counsel are grossly lacking in the requirements of propriety and grossly disregarded the requirements of a fair presentation of the issues to the court. MCR 7.216(C)(1)(b).
Defendants' final argument is that the trial court clearly erred when it determined that the Right to Farm Act does not protect their pallet-making operation. They claim that the trial court clearly erred in finding that defendants' property is not a "farm," that defendants are not conducting "farm operations," and that pallets are not "farm products" as defined in the act. Defendants maintain that the trial court erred in failing to apply the interim guidelines regarding farm processing of fiber products.
The Right to Farm Act was enacted by our Legislature in 1981 to protect farms from being declared a nuisance. Northville Twp v Coyne, 170 Mich. App. 446, 448-449; 429 N.W.2d 185 (1988). The act prohibits a farm or farm operation from being declared a public or private nuisance where the farm or farm operation conforms to "generally accepted agricultural and management practices." MCL 286.473(1); MSA 12.122(3)(1). Whether the farm or farm operation conforms to such practices is determined according to policies articulated by the state agricultural commission. Id.
Section 2 of the Right to Farm Act provides in pertinent part:
(c) "Farm product" means those plants and animals useful to human beings and includes, but is not limited to, forages and sod crops, grains and feed crops, dairy and dairy products, poultry and poultry products, livestock, including breeding and grazing, fruits, vegetables, flowers, seeds, grasses, trees, fish, apiaries, equine and other similar products, or any other product which incorporates the use of food, feed, fiber, or fur.
(d) "Generally accepted agricultural and management practices" means those practices as defined by the commission of agriculture. The commission shall give due consideration to available Michigan department of agriculture information and written recommendations from the Michigan state university college of agriculture and natural resources cooperative extension service and the agricultural experiment station in cooperation with the United States department of agriculture soil and conservation service and the agricultural stabilization and conservation service, the department of natural resources and other professional and industry organizations. [MCL 286.472; MSA 12.122(2).]
The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Lorencz v Ford Motor Co, 187 Mich. App. 63, 68-69; 466 N.W.2d 346 (1991), lv gtd 437 Mich. 1036 (1991). The legislative intent can be ascertained by examining the language of the act, the subject matter under consideration, the scope and purpose of the act, and preceding statutes. Girard v Wagenmaker, 437 Mich. 231, 238-239; 470 N.W.2d 372 (1991). In enacting the Right to Farm Act, the Legislature was concerned with the regulation of land use imposed upon farms by local government as well as private sources, and the impact of such regulation upon farming operations. Northville Twp, supra, p 448.
In this case, we need not determine whether defendants' property is a "farm" or whether defendants are conducting "farm operations" because the dispositive issue is whether the pallets produced by defendants are "farm products" under the act. The pallets are constructed of wood and nails or staples. The vast majority of the wood used for the pallets originates from outside defendants' property, while a very small portion of the wood is taken from defendants' property. The products, therefore, are not grown on the property, but are only assembled there from purchased material. The pallets do not match any of the definitions of farm products set forth in the act, and are not specifically mentioned in the Department of Agriculture's guidelines.
Defendants argue, however, that the pallets fit within the more general phrase included at the end of the statutory definition of farm products that includes "any other product which incorporates the use of food, feed, fiber, or fur."
Statutes are to be construed to avoid absurd or unreasonable results. Lepp v Cheboygan Area Schools, 190 Mich. App. 726, 732; 476 N.W.2d 506 (1991). Under the rule of ejusdem generis, where a statute contains general words that follow a designation of particular subjects, the meaning of the general words will be presumed to be restricted by the particular designation as including things of a similar kind, class, character, or nature as those specifically enumerated. Attorney General v Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, 168 Mich. App. 372, 380-381; 424 N.W.2d 54 (1988).
Applying this rule of statutory construction, the trial court in this case found that the general words "any other product which incorporates the use of food, feed, fiber, or fur" must be read to mean other products of the same nature as those enumerated in that section. The trial court correctly noted that to give the words the broad meaning argued by defendants would be to allow practically anyone to claim protection under the act when constructing, for example, flooring or furniture, which are arguably products incorporating fiber. The trial court determined that farm products as defined by the act did not incorporate pallets that were only assembled on the property without any of the product having been grown on the property. It was not improper for the trial court to look to the definitions of farm products used by other jurisdictions, considering the lack of guidance provided by the act and the guidelines. We find that the trial court did not clearly err in determining that defendants' pallets do not fall within the statutory definition of farm products.
DOCKET NO. 131179
In this case, the Herrintons appeal the trial court's order imposing sanctions against them for filing an improper motion. The Herrintons also raise substantive issues on behalf of defendants, but as we have already ruled, the Herrintons lack standing to raise these issues. Ford Motor Co v Jackson (On Rehearing), supra; Grace Petroleum Corp, supra.
The Herrintons argue that the trial court was not justified in ordering sanctions under MCR 2.114. In Contel Systems Corp v Gores, 183 Mich. App. 706, 710-711; 455 N.W.2d 398 (1990), this Court stated:
Since the imposition of a sanction under MCR 2.114 is mandatory upon the finding that a pleading was signed in violation of the court rule, or a frivolous action or defense had been pled, there is no discretion for the trial court to exercise in determining if a sanction should be awarded. Rather, the relevant inquiry is whether the trial court erred in finding that the court rule had been violated and, therefore, that the imposition of a sanction was required. Since this involves a finding of fact by the trial court, that finding must be reviewed to determine if it is clearly erroneous. MCR 2.613(C). A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Tuttle v Dep't of State Hwys, 397 Mich. 44; 243 N.W.2d 244 (1976).
MCR 2.114(D)(3) provides:
Effect of Signature. The signature of an attorney or party, whether or not the party is represented by an attorney, constitutes a certification by the signer that
(3) the pleading is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.
Court rules are subject to the same rules of statutory construction as are statutes. Collier v Westland Arena, Inc, 183 Mich. App. 251, 255; 454 N.W.2d 138 (1990). Applying the rules of statutory construction, we find that where a court rule provides its own glossary, the terms must be applied as expressly defined. See Harder v Harder, 176 Mich. App. 589, 591; 440 N.W.2d 53 (1989).
MCR 2.114(D)(3) plainly states that the rule applies to "pleadings." A motion is not a pleading pursuant to MCR 2.110(A). This Court's opinions affirming the imposition of sanctions under MCR 2.114 have involved cases where the propriety of pleadings, and not motions, was disputed. See, e.g., In re Goehring, 184 Mich. App. 360, 366-368; 457 N.W.2d 375 (1990); Contel Systems Corp, supra. Although plaintiff relies on Ramsey v Pontiac, 164 Mich. App. 527, 538; 417 N.W.2d 489 (1987), that case refers to the imposition of costs for a frivolous motion, as opposed to sanctions for an improper motion. Thus, MCR 2.114 cannot be used to impose sanctions upon a person who signs a motion that is submitted for an improper purpose.
Because the trial court clearly erred in imposing sanctions against the Herrintons pursuant to MCR 2.114 for filing a motion for an improper purpose, we find it unnecessary to discuss whether the motion was improper, whether the Herrintons were denied due process, or the reasonableness of the sanction. Regarding the Herrintons' issue that the court is required to sanction plaintiff's counsel for filing the allegedly frivolous motion for sanctions, this issue was not raised in the trial court and we consider it unpreserved for our review. Lowman, supra.
In Docket No. 131179, we vacate that part of the trial court's order of judgment imposing sanctions against the Herrintons for filing a motion for an improper purpose.
In Docket No. 131564, we affirm the trial court's decision that defendants are estopped on the basis of public policy from challenging plaintiff's zoning ordinance. Moreover, we find that the trial court did not err in determining that the Right to Farm Act does not protect defendants' pallet-construction operation. However, we remand this case to the trial court for it to determine the amount of actual damages to which plaintiff is entitled for responding to defendants' due process issue. We do not retain jurisdiction.