Summary
In People v Witt, 140 Mich. App. 365; 364 N.W.2d 692 (1985), a panel of this Court found a legislative intent to permit punishment under both the bank robbery statute and the armed robbery statute, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, because the two statutes addressed protection of different societal norms.
Summary of this case from People v. CampbellOpinion
Docket No. 74975.
Decided January 7, 1985.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel, and Lisa Varnier, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
William G. Wolfram, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was convicted on his plea of guilty of bank, safe or vault robbery, MCL 750.531; MSA 28.799, armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, and felony-firearm, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). He was sentenced to concurrent terms of from 3 to 20 years' imprisonment on each robbery offense, to be served following the mandatory two-year prison term on the felony-firearm conviction. He appeals as of right claiming (1) that there was an insufficient factual basis to support the felony-firearm plea, but that the matter should not be remanded, and (2) that his convictions of vault robbery and armed robbery violate the constitutional prohibitions against double jeopardy. We agree that there was insufficient evidence to support the felony-firearm plea, but remand the case to the trial court for further proofs. We disagree with defendant's double jeopardy claim.
Was there a sufficient factual basis to support defendant's guilty plea to felony-firearm?
In order to support a felony-firearm conviction under People v Johnson, 411 Mich. 50, 54; 303 N.W.2d 442 (1981), it must be shown that defendant either personally possessed a firearm during the commission of a felony or that defendant procured, counselled, aided, or abetted and so assisted another in obtaining or retaining possession of the firearm.
A factual basis for acceptance of a guilty plea exists if an inculpatory inference can reasonably be drawn by a jury from the facts admitted by the defendant, even if an exculpatory inference could also be drawn and defendant asserts the latter is the correct inference. Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich. 96, 130; 235 N.W.2d 132 (1975).
In the present case, the prosecutor tacitly admits that the defendant's statements at the plea proceeding did not establish a basis for a reasonable inference that he personally possessed a firearm during commission of the robberies or that he assisted the co-perpetrator in obtaining or retaining possession of a firearm. However, the prosecutor argues that a sufficient factual basis may be established through independent evidence, i.e., he cites testimony taken at the preliminary examination in this case. Therefore, we remand the case to the trial court to permit the prosecutor to establish the possession element of felony-firearm. If the prosecutor is able to do so and there is no contrary evidence, the felony-firearm conviction shall be affirmed. If the prosecutor is unable to do so, the felony-firearm conviction shall be set aside. If contrary evidence is produced, the matter shall be treated as a motion to withdraw the guilty plea to felony-firearm and the court shall decide the matter in the exercise of its discretion. People v Johnson, supra, pp 54-55.
Do defendant's convictions of vault robbery and armed robbery violate the constitutional prohibitions against double jeopardy, US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 15?
According to defendant's testimony at the plea proceeding, on December 27, 1982, he and Donald Fritz made an unsuccessful attempt to rob an armored car. Defendant stated that Fritz took the guard's gun and fired a shot, whereupon the guard fainted. It is a reasonable inference from defendant's statements that Fritz was armed with another weapon prior to taking the guard's gun. Defendant testified that he dissuaded Fritz from shooting the guard and that both men then ran away. The only property taken was the guard's gun. Defendant stated that he knowingly participated in the attempt to rob the armored car and that he knew Fritz had a gun.
Defendant contends that his convictions of vault robbery and armed robbery were based on the same criminal conduct and violated the double jeopardy clauses of the United States and Michigan Constitutions.
In People v Robideau, 419 Mich. 458; 355 N.W.2d 592 (1984), a four-member majority of the Supreme Court established a new test to determine whether the "multiple-punishment" prohibition of the double jeopardy clause has been violated. The Court disavowed the Blockburger test, which had been applied under the federal constitution, as well as the so-called "factual double jeopardy" test which had been applied under the state constitution. Under Robideau, the sole inquiry is whether the Legislature intended to permit multiple convictions under separate statutes based on a single criminal enterprise. If so, no double jeopardy violation has occurred. The Robideau Court rejected prior tests, "preferring instead to use traditional means to determine the intent of the Legislature: the subject, language, and history of the statutes". Robideau, supra, p 486.
Blockburger v United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304; 52 S Ct 180; 76 L Ed 306 (1932).
The Supreme Court stated some general principles for determining legislative intent: (1) statutes prohibiting conduct which violates distinct social norms can generally be viewed as separate and amenable to permitting multiple punishments. The court must identify the type of harm the Legislature intended to prevent. Where two statutes prohibit violations of the same social norm, in a somewhat different manner, it is generally concluded that the Legislature did not intend multiple punishment; (2) the degree of punishment expressly authorized by the Legislature may be indicative of legislative intent, particularly where criminal statutes build upon one another. Where one statute incorporates most of the elements of a base statute and then increases the penalty as compared to the base statute, it is evidence that the Legislature did not intend punishment under both statutes.
This Court finds that there is a legislative intent to permit punishment under both the vault robbery statute and the armed robbery statute. The former statute is apparently aimed at the protection of funds kept in a building, bank, safe, vault or other depository of money, as well as the protection of persons charged with guarding the money and those otherwise in custody of the money. Neither use of a weapon nor an actual taking of money or property is required under the vault robbery statute. It is also clear from the statute that the offense may be committed without the presence of another person. The armed robbery statute, on the other hand, requires an assault, a felonious taking of money or property from the victim's presence and the use of a weapon during the offense. See People v Avery, 115 Mich. App. 699, 701-702; 321 N.W.2d 779 (1982). It is aimed at persons who violate social norms by taking property from the presence of another by force or threat of force while armed with a weapon. The purpose of the armed robbery statute is, therefore, different from that of the vault robbery statute.
We conclude that the Legislature did intend to permit multiple punishment under both the armed robbery and vault robbery statutes and accordingly reject defendant's double jeopardy challenge.
Affirmed.
I agree with the majority's decision to remand this case to permit the prosecutor to establish a factual basis for the plea of guilty to felony-firearm. I also agree that the convictions for armed robbery and bank robbery do not constitute double jeopardy. However, I would reach the latter result by a different route than does the majority, since I disagree with its apparent holding that a defendant may be convicted of armed robbery and bank robbery for the very same conduct.
In People v Robideau, 419 Mich. 458, 486; 355 N.W.2d 592 (1984), the Supreme Court held that punishment under more than one provision of the Penal Code is permitted if the Legislature so intended. The Court stated that "[s]tatutes prohibiting conduct that is violative of distinct social norms can generally be viewed as separate and amenable to permitting multiple punishments". Id., 487. Where the evidence of legislative intent is inconclusive, "the rule of lenity requires the conslusion that separate punishments were not intended". Id., 488.
"`When Congress leaves to the Judiciary the task of imputing to Congress an undeclared will, the ambiguity should be resolved in favor of lenity. And this not out of any sentimental consideration, or for want of sympathy with the purpose of Congress in proscribing evil or antisocial conduct. It may fairly be said to be a presupposition of our law to resolve doubts in the enforcement of a penal code against the imposition of a harsher punishment.'" Bell v United States, 349 U.S. 81, 83; 75 S Ct 620; 99 L Ed 905 (1955), quoted in People v Gilbert, 414 Mich. 191, 211; 324 N.W.2d 834 (1982).
The majority correctly note that violation of the bank robbery statute does not necessarily require a larceny from a person or the use of a weapon. MCL 750.531; MSA 28.799. It is also beyond question that the statute is aimed, in part, at protection of repositories of valuables. People v Ferguson, 60 Mich. App. 302, 305; 230 N.W.2d 406 (1975). Nevertheless, a plain reading of the statute discloses that it encompasses two distinct offenses, namely, bank robbery involving assaultive conduct and safecracking. People v Adams, 128 Mich. App. 25, 30; 339 N.W.2d 687 (1983). Where the bank robbery is of the former variety, it and armed robbery "are of the same class or category". Id. The policies underlying the statutory prohibitions of bank robbery and armed robbery substantially overlap, insofar as both sections concern protection of individuals from the use of violence to obtain property. Absent a clear indication that the Legislature intended multiple punishment, Robideau, supra, we should not sanction application of both provisions to the same conduct. Rather, the prosecutor must, in the exercise of his discretion, choose one or the other. People v Thomas, 118 Mich. App. 667; 325 N.W.2d 536 (1982), lv den 417 Mich. 1000 (1983).
In the instant case, however, defendant's convictions of bank robbery and armed robbery did not arise from the same conduct. The bank robbery was complete when defendant and the co-perpetrator attempted to rob the armored car. Defendant committed, or aided and abetted in the commission of, an armed robbery when he or the co-perpetrator took the guard's gun. This was a larcenous act separate from the attempted robbery of the armored car. Where there is a taking apart from the bank robbery, multiple convictions do not violate the double jeopardy clause. Adams, supra, p 32. Hence, there is no need even to consider whether two such convictions for the same conduct would constitute double jeopardy.