Opinion
Docket No. 18768.
Decided July 21, 1975. Leave to appeal denied, 395 Mich ___.
Appeal from Genesee, Thomas C. Yeotis, J. Submitted April 9, 1975, at Lansing. (Docket No. 18768.) Decided July 21, 1975. Leave to appeal denied, 395 Mich ___.
Kenneth L. Turner was convicted of second-degree murder. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Robert F. Leonard, Prosecuting Attorney, Donald A. Kuebler, Chief, Appellate Division, and F. Jack Belzer, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Dennis C. Karas, for defendant on appeal.
Before: V.J. BRENNAN, P.J., and D.E. HOLBROOK and M.F. CAVANAGH, JJ.
The defendant was convicted after a bench trial in Genesee County Circuit Court of second-degree murder, MCLA 750.317; MSA 28.549. He was sentenced to a prison term of 15 to 30 years and now appeals as of right.
Defendant and a companion, Dennis Mooney, visited several of the bars in the Flint area during the afternoon, evening and early morning of December 19 and 20, 1972. During a visit to a particular bar, they became involved in an argument with the bartender and several other people concerning the fact that a friend had been fired from his job at that bar. After the argument, the two left and went to another bar. At about 2:30 a.m., as the bar was closing, Mooney and the defendant returned. Donna Diebel testified at trial that, as she entered the bar from the back, Mooney said, "You're the one I want", and shot her in the chest. Other shots were fired, and the police subsequently discovered that the bartender, Jim Mugan, and another patron, Louis LaBombard, had been fatally wounded by shots fired by Mooney and the defendant.
At trial the defense theory was that defendant Turner had not intended to fire the shot which killed Louis LaBombard. He had been drinking heavily and was simply following Mooney around to the different bars. Defendant testified that when the shooting started he thought he saw LaBombard coming toward him, and he panicked and fired his gun in LaBombard's direction.
The first of defendant's two contentions of error is that the element of malice aforethought necessary for a second-degree murder conviction was not established beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant's precise legal theory is not stated. Apparently his argument is either that his conviction was against the great weight of the evidence or that the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law.
Defendant's argument that the conviction is against the great weight of the evidence is foreclosed by his failure to move for a new trial in the court below. People v Matthews, 53 Mich. App. 232; 218 N.W.2d 838 (1974). In any event, upon a review of the evidence presented at trial, we conclude that the trial court's decision was not manifestly against the clear weight of the evidence.
Evidence is legally insufficient for a criminal conviction if it could not support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Williams, 368 Mich. 494; 118 N.W.2d 391 (1962), cert den 373 U.S. 909; 83 S Ct 1297; 10 L Ed 2d 411 (1963). The defendant argues that since several psychiatrists testified at trial that the defendant did not intend to kill Louis LaBombard, there was no evidence on the issue. But malice aforethought need not be proven by direct positive evidence; it may be shown by inference. Roberts v People, 19 Mich. 401 (1870). The use of a lethal weapon is the kind of evidence which will support an inference of an intent to kill. People v Ray, 56 Mich. App. 610; 224 N.W.2d 735 (1974). The defendant not only used a lethal weapon but shot at the victim three times. In addition, the other above-stated circumstances surrounding the crime further justify the trial judge's finding of fact that the defendant acted with intent to kill or do great bodily harm or with the knowledge that his actions created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm. See People v McFee, 35 Mich. App. 227; 192 N.W.2d 355 (1971). Since this factual determination is supported by evidence and is not clearly erroneous, defendant's contention is without merit.
Second, defendant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to suppress evidence seized during a search of his car made without a search warrant after he had signed a consent form for the search.
After the defendant was arrested, the police informed him of his rights under Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966). Subsequently, the police requested that he consent to the search of his automobile. He was informed that he had a right to consult with an attorney before deciding whether to consent to the search and that if he could not afford an attorney, one would be provided for his assistance. The defendant gave his permission to the search and signed a consent form. The search produced the weapon which killed Louis LaBombard.
We conclude that the trial court's denial of the suppression motion was correct. In Schneckloth v Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218; 93 S Ct 2041; 36 L Ed 2d 854 (1973), the United States Supreme Court examined the question of what constitutes a voluntary consent to a police search. The Court held that no single factor is determinative. Instead the Court held that,
"* * * the question of whether a consent to a search was in fact `voluntary' or was the product of duress or coercion, express or implied, is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of all the circumstances. While knowledge of the right to refuse consent is one factor to be taken into account, the government need not establish such knowledge as the sine qua non of an effective consent. As with police questioning, two competing concerns must be accommodated in determining the meaning of a `voluntary' consent — the legitimate need for such searches and the equally important requirement of assuring the absence of coercion." 412 U.S. 218, 227.
The Court went on to reject the standard of Johnson v Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464; 58 S Ct 1019; 82 L Ed 1461 (1938), that the prosecution must show an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege. 412 U.S. 218, 246.
The most recent opinion on consent searches by the Michigan Supreme Court is People v Reed, 393 Mich. 342; 224 N.W.2d 867 (1975), in which the Court upheld a search without warrant of a defendant's apartment. The defendant in that case was not given his Miranda warnings and there were at one time ten members of the police department present who, after gaining defendant's permission, proceeded to conduct a general search of the entire apartment. Recognizing Schneckloth, the Court held that a failure to advise the defendant of his right to refuse admission was not fatal to the search and merely constituted one factor in the voluntariness determination. 393 Mich. 342, 363. Also, the presence of a large number of officers did not make the atmosphere per se coercive. Cf. People v Lumpkin, 59 Mich. App. 304; 229 N.W.2d 426 (1975).
There is one important factor in the present case which is different than Schneckloth and Reed. The police requested defendant's consent while he was in custody at the police station. Schneckloth had this to say on the subject:
"By the same token, the present case does not require a determination of the proper standard to be applied in assessing the validity of a search authorized solely by an alleged consent that is obtained from a person after he has been placed in custody. We do note, however, that other courts have been particularly sensitive to the heightened possibilities for coercion when the `consent' to a search was given by a person in custody. See, e.g., Judd v United States, 89 US App DC 64, 66; 190 F.2d 649, 651 (1951), Channel v United States, 285 F.2d 217 (CA 9, 1960), Villano v United States, 310 F.2d 680, 684 (CA 10, 1962), United States v Marrese, 336 F.2d 501 (CA 3, 1964)." 412 U.S. 218, 240 n 29.
Thus in reviewing the circumstances surrounding the "consent", we must be particularly sensitive to the "heightened possibilities for coercion" in a custodial atmosphere. Regardless of whether or not probable cause existed, the police had a good reason to request the defendant's permission to search the car. They had not been able to locate the murder weapon, and they knew that the defendant was in some way involved in the affray. According to the police officers' version of the facts, which was accepted by the trial court, no coercive or deceitful tactics were employed by them to gain defendant's permission. It is important to consider the fact that the defendant had just previously been given his full Miranda warnings, including his right to remain silent and the warning that anything he said could be held against him.
Concerning the search of his automobile, the police specifically related the defendant's right to consult with counsel (and to have one furnished if necessary) before his decision of whether to consent to the search. The defendant stated that he did not wish to consult with an attorney and signed a written statement consenting to the search of his automobile.
Under these circumstances, we hold that the consent was voluntarily given. Whether the defendant must always be informed of his right to refuse permission to a police search or of his right to consult with counsel before giving his consent — in the situation in which the consent is sought while the defendant is in custody — we need not answer. However, it is well to remember the words of Justice Stewart in Schneckloth that police and courts must be particularly sensitive to make sure that the inherently coercive tendencies of being in custody do not adversely affect the defendant's exercise of his free will in deciding whether to consent to a search. Since the police adequately performed that task, the defendant's consent was voluntarily given and the weapon was properly admitted into evidence.
Affirmed.