Summary
In People v. Traubert, 199 Colo. 322, 328, 608 P.2d 342, 346 (1980), the defendant's statement, "I think I need to see an attorney," was a sufficiently clear assertion of the right to counsel.
Summary of this case from People v. RomeroOpinion
No. 79SA348
Decided March 17, 1980.
Interlocutory appeal by the prosecution from an order of the district court suppressing certain articles seized from the defendant's person, the defendant's confession, and items seized from defendant's automobile.
Ruling Affirmed in Part, and Reversed in Part.
1. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES — Following Arrest — Lawful — Frisked — Burglary Attempt. In burglary attempt to gain entry into building through a secured window, search of defendant's pockets following his arrest was lawful even though defendant had already been frisked for weapons and, under the circumstances, could not be in possession of the fruits and instrumentalities of the crime for which he was arrested.
2. Incident to Arrest — Exception — Warrant — Limited — Person and Area — United States v. Robinson. In the case of United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, 94 S.Ct. 467, 38 L.Ed.2d 427 (1973), the United States Supreme Court held that a search incident to an arrest constituted an exception to the warrant requirement, provided that the search was limited to the arrested person and the area within his control.
3. ARREST — Custodial — Reasonable — Intrusion — Lawful — Search Incident to Arrest — Hernandez v. People — Not Viable. A custodial arrest of a suspect based on probable cause is a reasonable intrusion under the Fourth Amendment and, the intrusion being lawful, a search incident to an arrest requires no additional justification; accordingly, the limitations imposed in Hernandez v. People, 153 Colo. 316, 385 P.2d 996 — that a search incident to an arrest could constitutionally extend only to a search for the fruits and instrumentalities of the crime for which the person was arrested — are no longer viable.
4. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES — Custodial Arrest — Search — Contraband — Not Related to Crime — United States v. Robinson — Gufstafson v. Florida. Under the authority of the United States Supreme Court decisions in United States v. Robinson and Gufstafson v. Florida, 414 U.S. 260, 94 S.Ct. 488, 38 L.Ed.2d 456 (1973), the officer, after a custodial arrest may properly search the defendant and seize all contraband or articles, the possession of which gives the police officers reason to believe a crime has been committed, even though such articles do not relate to the crime for which the defendant was initially arrested.
5. CRIMINAL EVIDENCE — Confession — Voluntariness — Findings of Fact — Evidence — Support — Appeal. When there is evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact as to the voluntariness of a confession, the findings of the trial court will not be disturbed on appeal.
6. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — Privilege Against Self-Incrimination — Right to Counsel — Waiver — Burden on Prosecution — Standard — Request for Attorney — — Higher Burden. A heavy burden rests upon the prosecution to demonstrate a waiver of the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination and the right to counsel, since the rights involved are of constitutional magnitude, and the standard to be applied is proof of an intentional relinquishment of a known right or privilege; thus, where the defendant has requested that he be given a chance to speak with an attorney prior to being questioned, an even higher burden than usual is placed on the party seeking to show a waiver of that right.
7. Counsel — Request — Police — Must Cease — Interrogation — Provide — Accused. Once the accused has requested counsel the police officers must cease interrogation immediately and must, within a reasonable period of time, provide the accused with an opportunity to talk to an attorney.
8. Attorney — Statement — Sufficient — Intent — Exercise — Right to Counsel — Police — Cease Questioning. Although defendant's statement "I think I need to see an attorney" was neither "sophisticated" nor, perhaps, in a "legally proper form," it was nevertheless sufficient to put the police officers on notice that the defendant intended to exercise his constitutional rights to counsel; at this point, the police should have ceased all questioning until the defendant was given a reasonable opportunity to contact his attorney.
9. Attorney — Right — Unique — Keystone — Protection — Other Rights. The right to an attorney is unique in that it is often the keystone to the protection of a defendant's other constitutional rights.
10. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES — Consent — Miranda Violation — Court — Consider — — Illegality. Where defendant's consent to search of automobile followed a Miranda violation, the trial court should consider whether defendant's consent was derived through an exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.
11. Lack of Probable Cause — Car — Contraband — Burden of Proof — Prosecution — Consent — Lawful Authority. Where officers lacked probable cause to believe that defendant's car contained contraband or evidence of a crime and there was no reason to believe that the car itself was evidence of a crime, the burden of proof was on the prosecution to either show that the initial search and seizure of the automobile was properly predicated on consent or demonstrate the presence of other lawful authority for the seizure.
12. COURTS — United States Supreme Court — Schneckloth v. Bustamonte — Factors — Voluntariness. Factors relevant to determination of voluntariness of consent to search of automobile must be determined under the standards set out in United States Supreme Court opinion of Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973).
13. APPEAL AND ERROR — Interlocutory — Authorized — Statute. With reference to defendant's challenge to the constitutionality of the interlocutory appeal provisions of C.A.R. 4.1, filing of interlocutory appeal by the prosecution from suppression order of the trial court is authorized by the plain language of section 16-12-102, C.R.S. 1973 (now in 1978 Repl. Vol. 8).
14. Interlocutory — Rule — Equal Protection Rights. Interlocutory appeals provision, C.A.R. 4.1, does not deny a defendant his equal protection rights under the United States Constitution.
Interlocutory Appeal from the District Court Of the City and County of Denver, Honorable Karen S. Metzger, Judge.
Dale Tooley, District Attorney, Brooke Wunnicke, Chief Appellate Deputy, for plaintiff-appellant.
Tague, Goss, Schilkin Beem, P.C., Marjorie J. Platt, P. Arthur Tague, for defendant-appellant.
This interlocutory appeal is taken by the prosecution from an order of the district court suppressing certain articles seized from the defendant's person, the defendant's confession, and items seized from the defendant's automobile. We reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand this case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with the views expressed in this opinion.
On the evening of February 18, 1979, a parking lot attendant for the Rainbow Music Hall observed the defendant, Thomas E. Traubert, and another individual attempting to gain entry into the Majestic Products Building through a secured window. Suspecting that a break in was occurring, the attendant informed two Denver policemen, who were working off-duty at the Hall, of his suspicions, and pointed out the individuals to the officers. The individuals were standing beside the Majestic Products Building underneath a window which had had its security screen partially removed.
As the officers approached the building, the individuals began to walk away rapidly toward the street, and each dropped something behind him. Two large screwdrivers and a pair of plastic gloves were subsequently found by the officers. The officers arrested the individuals, conducted a brief pat down for weapons, and escorted them to a security room in the Hall.
Once inside the security room, the individuals were advised of their Miranda rights. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). Officer Meyer conducted a more thorough search of the individuals' clothing and discovered a ring in the defendant's pocket. Upon being asked if the ring belonged to him, the defendant replied "Oh, yeah, that's mine." Officer Meyer also found a number of other rings in the defendant's pockets, including several women's wedding rings. The defendant again claimed ownership of these rings, but, upon being queried as to his asserted ownership of women's wedding rings, stated that "I think I need to see an attorney."
Car keys were also found in the defendant's pocket. Another officer, Officer Barnhill, took the keys, which were marked "Ford," and returned to the parking lot to locate the defendant's automobile. Although Officer Meyer ascertained the location of the defendant's automobile through a question directed at the defendant, it appears from the record that Officer Barnhill located the defendant's vehicle by trying the Ford keys in every Ford parked near the location of the attempted break in. When the defendant's automobile was located, Officer Barnhill conducted a brief visual search of its interior and seized a wallet on the front seat. The officer then arranged for the vehicle to be towed to the city pound.
Although the trial court found that the location of the defendant's car was obtained from the defendant after the exercise of his Miranda rights, the defendant concedes on appeal that the record shows that Detective Barnhill located the vehicle without the aid of statements made by the defendant. Accordingly, we will disregard the finding of the trial court on this issue.
Later that evening, the defendant was taken to the city jail and charged with attempted burglary. On the following morning, Officer Gold met with the defendant and informed him that he was investigating the attempted break in at the Majestic Products Building. At that time, Officer Gold advised the defendant of his Miranda rights and asked him if he wished to make a statement. The defendant answered in the affirmative, and made several inculpatory statements to Officer Gold about the attempted break in and about an earlier burglary of a residence where several rings were taken. The defendant, however, declined to sign a written statement.
At approximately 3:00 p.m. the following day, Officer Gold requested that the defendant consent to a search of the impounded vehicle. The defendant asked the officer how he could go about getting his car released. Officer Gold replied that the car would not be released until the conclusion of his investigation and that if the defendant did not consent to the search, he would try and get a search warrant. The defendant signed a consent to search form, and the subsequent search produced evidence of the residential burglary which occurred prior to the attempted break in at the Majestic Products Building.
Before the trial for second-degree burglary, conspiracy to commit second-degree burglary and theft, defense counsel moved to suppress all evidence seized from the defendant or his car and all statements made by the defendant. After a hearing, the trial court granted the defendant's motion, holding (1) that the evidence seized on the defendant's person was not derived from a valid search incident to an arrest; (2) that the defendant's inculpatory statements were obtained after the defendant requested a lawyer; (3) the defendant's car keys were seized illegally, which tainted the seizure of evidence in the automobile, and required that the evidence be suppressed.
I.
Search Incident to Arrest
[1] Although the trial court found that there was probable cause to arrest the defendant, the court held that the scope of the search of the defendant's person exceeded the bounds of a valid search incident to an arrest. Relying on Hernandez v. People, 153 Colo. 316, 385 P.2d 996 (1963), the court stated that a search incident to an arrest could constitutionally extend only to a search for the fruits and instrumentalities of the crime for which the person was arrested. The officers had already recovered the burglary tools used in an attempt to secure entry into the Majestic Products Building. Since the defendant had been frisked for weapons and did not gain entry to the building, there could be no possible fruits of the crime. Therefore, the court held that there was no justification for the search of the defendant's pockets. We disagree.
[2-4] In United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, 94 S.Ct. 467, 38 L.Ed.2d 427 (1973), a case which postdated our decision in Hernandez, the United States Supreme Court held that a search incident to an arrest constituted an exception to the warrant requirement, provided that the search was limited to the arrested person and the area within his control. In language that is directly applicable to the case before us, the Court stated that:
"The authority to search the person incident to a lawful custodial arrest, while based upon the need to disarm and to discover evidence, does not depend on what a court may later decide was the probability in a particular arrest situation that weapons or evidence would in fact be found on the person of a suspect. A custodial arrest of a suspect based on probable cause is a reasonable intrusion under the Fourth Amendment; that intrusion being lawful, a search incident to an arrest requires no additional justification."
Given this clear statement of an officer's authority to conduct a search following a custodial arrest, we hold that the limitations imposed in Hernandez are no longer viable. Indeed, in Gufstafson v. Florida, 414 U.S. 260, 94 S.Ct. 488, 38 L.Ed.2d 456 (1973), the Supreme Court impliedly rejected the argument that a reviewing court could invalidate a search incident to an arrest because there was no evidentiary purpose for the search. Under the authority of Robinson and Gufstafson, the officer, after a custodial arrest may properly search the defendant and seize all "contraband or articles, the possession of which gives the police officers reason to believe a crime has been committed, even though such articles do not relate to the crime for which the defendant was initially arrested." People v. Ortega, 181 Colo. 223, 508 P.2d 784 (1973).
By our holding we do not intend to cast doubt on the vitality of the line of cases beginning with Cowdin v. People, 176 Colo. 466, 491 P.2d 569 (1971), which involve arrests for violations of minor municipal ordinances and routine traffic regulations and limit the scope of searches incident to these types of arrests to a protective pat-down search. See e.g. People v. Clyne, 189 Colo. 412, 541 P.2d 71 (1975); People v. Valdez, 182 Colo. 80, 511 P.2d 472 (1973).
II.
Waiver of Miranda Rights
[5,6] Questions involving the exercise or waiver of a defendant's rights guaranteed under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966) invariably require the trial court to weigh the credibility of opposing witnesses and to resolve conflicting testimony. When there is evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact as to the voluntariness of a confession, the findings of the trial court will not be disturbed on appeal. People v. Parks, 195 Colo. 344, 579 P.2d 76 (1978); People v. Pineda, 182 Colo. 385, 513 P.2d 452 (1973); People v. Medina, 180 Colo. 56, 501 P.2d 1332 (1972). In addition, since the rights involved are of constitutional magnitude, a heavy burden rests upon the prosecution to demonstrate a waiver of the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination and the right to counsel. See e.g. People v. Richards, 194 Colo. 83, 568 P.2d 1173 (1977); People v. Harris, 191 Colo. 234, 552 P.2d 10 (1976). The standard to be applied is proof of "an intentional relinquishment of a known right or privilege." Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938).
[7] Where the defendant has requested that he be given a chance to speak with an attorney prior to being questioned, we have placed an even higher burden on the party seeking to show a waiver of that right. In People v. Harris, supra, we stated:
"The defendant made a request for an attorney, and the police officers were thereby placed on notice that the defendant intended to exercise his constitutional rights. Admittedly, the demand was not in the most sophisticated or legally proper form, but it was adequate. At that point, all interrogation should have ceased until an attorney was made available to the accused."
Once the accused has requested counsel, the police officers must cease interrogation immediately and must, within a reasonable period of time, provide the accused with an opportunity to talk to an attorney.
[8,9] In this case, the record shows that the defendant exercised his Miranda rights by requesting the right to see an attorney. Although the defendant's statement "I think I need to see an attorney" was neither "sophisticated" nor, perhaps, in a "legally proper form," it was sufficient under Richards, supra, and Harris, supra, to put the police officers on notice that the defendant intended to exercise his constitutional rights to counsel. At this point, the police should have ceased all questioning until the defendant was given a reasonable opportunity to contact his attorney. Instead, Officer Gold sought out the defendant on the morning after his arrest, and initiated a new round of questioning to elicit information about the attempted break in. The fact that Officer Gold secured a written waiver does not eliminate the constitutional issue in this case relating to the defendant's right to counsel.
Since there is evidence in the record to support the trial court's finding that the waiver was constitutionally infirm, the suppression of the confession will not be disturbed on appeal. Although we do not rule out the possibility of a valid waiver after the defendant has requested an attorney, we note that the right to an attorney is unique in that it is often the keystone to protection of a defendant's other constitutional rights. "If the police may try to subtly secure a waiver of rights after the accused has requested an attorney, the rights guaranteed by Miranda would be illusory." Richards, supra.
III.
The Consent Search
The trial court finally held that because the seizure of the defendant's keys was not valid as part of a search incident to an arrest, the resulting seizure of the defendant's automobile and the procurement of the consent to search were tainted from the prior illegality and should be suppressed as the "fruit of the poisonous tree." See Nardone v. United States, 308 U.S. 338, 60 S.Ct. 266, 84 L.Ed. 307 (1939). Because we upheld the validity of the search incident to arrest in Part I of this opinion, we reverse the trial court's order suppressing all evidence derived from the automobile search. We remand this case, however, for a further hearing to determine whether the defendant's consent was voluntary and, in addition, to determine whether other grounds exist for the suppression of evidence derived from the search under the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963).
[10] In the hearing on remand, the trial court should first consider whether evidence derived from the search should be suppressed as the fruit of either the Miranda violation considered in part II of this opinion, or, in the alternative, as fruit of an illegal seizure of the defendant's automobile. As to the Miranda violation, we note that the record shows that the defendant discussed his participation in the home burglary during the course of his confession to Officer Gold. Accordingly, the trial court should consider whether the defendant's consent was derived through an exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint. See 3 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure, § 11.4 at 613 (1978).
[11] The possibility that the defendant's car was seized illegally presents a second issue for determination under the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. Wong Sun v. United States, supra. The record indicates that the police officers lacked probable cause to believe that the defendant's car contained contraband or evidence of a crime, and, in addition, that there was no reason for them to believe that the car itself was evidence of a crime. Cf. Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973). Accordingly, on remand the burden of proof is on the prosecution to either show that the initial search and seizure of the defendant's automobile was properly predicated upon consent or, instead, demonstrate the presence of other lawful authority for the seizure.
[12] On remand, the trial court should also consider whether the defendant's consent to the search of his automobile was voluntary under the standards set out in Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) and United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 96 S.Ct. 820, 46 L.Ed.2d 598 (1976). The factors which are relevant to determination of the voluntariness issues under the Fourth Amendment are peculiarly within the province of the trial court. Some relevant factors to be considered, however, are that the defendant was incarcerated, he had exercised his Miranda right to have an attorney present, and that the impoundment of the defendant's car may have been unlawful. As a counterbalance, the trial court should weigh the fact that a written consent was given and that the defendant was advised of his right to refuse to consent to the search. The totality of the circumstances surrounding the purported waiver must be considered to determine voluntariness. People v. Reyes, 174 Colo. 377, 483 P.2d 1342 (1971).
IV.
Constitutional Issues
[13] The defendant raises several challenges to the constitutionality of the interlocutory appeal provisions of C.A.R. 4.1 which will be addressed summarily. First, the defendant asserts that no authority has been conferred by either the Colorado Constitution or the general assembly for the filing of an interlocutory appeal. This argument, however, is forcefully rebutted by the plain language of section 16-12-102, C.R.S. 1973 (now in 1978 Repl. Vol. 8) which states: "The prosecution may appeal any decision of the trial court in a criminal case upon any question of law." (Emphasis added.) The section contains no language which would limit the right to appeal solely to final judgments of the trial court. Cf. section 16-12-101, C.R.S. 1973 (now in 1978 Repl. Vol. 8).
[14] The defendant also argues that C.A.R. 4.1 violates the Equal Protection provisions of both the Colorado and the United States Constitutions. According to the defendant, since C.A.R. 4.1 allows only the prosecution to enter an interlocutory appeal, the defendant's Equal Protection rights have been denied. In our view, it is sufficient to point out that the defendant's argument is bottomed on the unfounded premise that the prosecution and the defendant are similarly situated in a criminal trial. Since the prosecution is precluded from placing a defendant in double jeopardy after a verdict has been rendered, its only meaningful avenue of appeal must be found in a pre-judgment proceeding. The provisions of C.A.R. 4.1 do not interfere with the defendant's rights to appeal his conviction after a verdict has been reached, and we find no denial of Equal Protection rights. The defendant's other contentions are without merit.
Accordingly, the ruling of the trial court is reversed in part, affirmed in part, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with the views expressed in this opinion.
JUSTICE GROVES and JUSTICE LEE do not participate.