Summary
In Mullen, 282 Mich App at 17-18, 27-28, this Court determined that, under the following circumstances, there was enough evidence to establish probable cause: (1) defendant smelled like alcohol; (2) defendant had watery or glassy eyes; (3) defendant drove through a red light at 2:00 a.m.; (4) defendant admitted that he had drunk two glasses of wine before driving; (5) defendant's eyes exhibited nystagmus during an HGN; (6) during a "finger to nose" test defendant "swayed" and his speech was slightly slurred; and (7) defendant had paper in his mouth with 15 minutes of taking a PBT.
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Submitted March 4, 2008, at Detroit.
Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, B. Eric Restuccia, Solicitor General, David G. Gorcyca, Prosecuting Attorney, Joyce F. Todd, Chief, Appellate Division, for the people.
Kenneth D. Miller for the defendant.
Before: METER, P.J., and SAWYER and WILDER, JJ.
WILDER, J.
[282 Mich.App. 16] The prosecution appeals by delayed leave granted the circuit court's order granting defendant's motion to suppress evidence of the results of his blood alcohol content (BAC) test. Defendant sought to suppress the evidence, contending that the search warrant affidavit included false information and that material information was omitted. Following an evidentiary hearing, the circuit court concluded that the arresting officer either intentionally or recklessly included false information in the search warrant affidavit, and that material information was omitted from the affidavit. After striking the false information and considering the omitted information, the circuit court further concluded that the affidavit, as corrected, did not establish probable cause to issue a search warrant, and granted the suppression motion.
This Court granted leave to appeal limited to the issues raised in the application. People v. Mullen, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 30, 2007 (Docket No. 281202).
We conclude that although the circuit court's factual determinations are not clearly erroneous, its determination that the affidavit, as corrected, did not establish probable cause to issue a search warrant, was erroneous. Therefore, we reverse the circuit court's order suppressing the BAC evidence.
I
At approximately 2:00 a.m. on November 9, 2006, Troy police officer Frank Shuler saw defendant's vehicle stop at a red light, pause for a few seconds, and then proceed past the red light. Officer Shuler made a traffic stop, and when he approached the driver's side window of the vehicle, he smelled alcohol and noticed that defendant's eyes were bloodshot and watery. Officer [282 Mich.App. 17] Shuler testified that the smell of alcohol was fairly strong and that he therefore asked defendant if he had consumed any alcohol that evening. Defendant indicated that he drank two glasses of wine with dinner.
With the exception of testimony to be identified, later, Officer Shuler provided essentially the same testimony at both the preliminary examination and the evidentiary hearing conducted by the trial court.
Officer Shuler asked defendant to get out of the vehicle for field sobriety tests, and first asked defendant to count backward from 89 to 78. While defendant was able to do so, Officer Shuler averred in his affidavit to the magistrate that defendant's speech was slurred and that defendant swayed back and forth. Second, Officer Shuler conducted the " horizontal gaze nystagmus" test or HGN. Officer Shuler asked defendant to stand with his arms at his sides, then held a pen in front of defendant's face at eye level, instructed defendant to hold his head still and to follow the pen with his eyes while Officer Shuler moved it side to side. Officer Shuler held the pen four to six inches from defendant's face, but despite the officer's directions, defendant repeatedly moved his head to follow the pen. Officer Shuler testified that defendant " had the lack of smooth pursuit [meaning that defendant's eyes allegedly jolted or staggered while defendant shifted his gaze to follow the pen] and maximum deviation at onset prior to forty-five." By describing " maximum deviation," Officer Shuler meant that defendant's eyes began to strain and " bounced" side to side within 45 degrees of center.
HGN " is an involuntary jerking of the eye that occurs naturally as the eyes gaze to the side." HGN is " exaggerated and may occur at lesser angles" when a person is intoxicated. Development of a Standardized Field Sobriety Test, Appendix A: Standardized Field Sobriety Testing, available at < http:// www. nhtsa. dot. gov/ people/ injury/ alcohol/ SFST/ appendix_ a. htm> (accessed February 5, 2008).
[282 Mich.App. 18] Third, Officer Shuler subjected defendant to the " one-legged stand" test. Before conducting this test, defendant notified the officer that he had a knee injury, so the officer instructed defendant to stand on his good leg. Officer Shuler testified that he demonstrated the test and instructed defendant to count until told to stop. Officer Shuler testified that defendant stopped counting before he was instructed to do so, and swayed while standing on one leg.
However, the fact that defendant swayed during the one-legged stand test was not disclosed by Officer Shuler on the affidavit.
Finally, Officer Shuler conducted the " finger to nose" test. He first demonstrated the test for defendant, and then instructed defendant to keep his feet together, put his arms out to his sides with his palms up, tilt his head back, and alternate touching the tip of his nose with his right and left index fingers. Officer Shuler testified that defendant was unable to touch the actual tip of his nose, touching the bridge instead, and that defendant also swayed back and forth during the test. Officer Shuler noted that defendant's speech was " a little slurred" throughout the entire interaction.
Officer Shuler then conducted a preliminary breath test (PBT). Officer Shuler testified at the preliminary examination that he checked defendant's mouth before placing him in the backseat of the patrol car, waited 15 minutes, and then administered the test. He also specifically testified that he could not recall whether defendant had paper in his mouth before administering the test. At the evidentiary hearing, Officer Shuler testified that defendant was chewing gum when he was stopped, that he asked defendant to spit the gum out, and that he believed defendant complied. Officer Shuler further testified that he checked defendant's mouth and found it to be empty, but he subsequently admitted [282 Mich.App. 19] that, when he began to read defendant his PBT rights, he noticed that defendant had a little piece of paper in his mouth. Officer Shuler explained that he did not believe that the paper would compromise the PBT results, and therefore waited only a few minutes after noticing the paper before administering the test. Defendant's PBT result was 0.15.
Officer Shuler placed defendant under arrest and transported him to the police station. After conducting a LEIN search, the officer discovered that defendant had one or two prior arrests for driving under the influence of liquor. He read defendant his chemical test rights and asked for a blood sample. Defendant initially consented, but then refused. Officer Shuler then proceeded to secure a search warrant. He filled out a standardized form affidavit to secure the warrant. On the form, Officer Shuler circled the entry indicating that he was investigating a case of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of liquor. Among several choices provided on the form, Officer Shuler selected one stating that there was a strong odor of alcohol emanating from defendant's breath and person. He also selected one indicating that defendant had slurred speech and watery eyes. The officer reported that defendant had a PBT result of 0.15. Officer Shuler noted that he observed defendant stop at a red light and then proceed on red. He indicated that defendant " conducted field sobriety test poorly ... stopped counting before he was told to stop on the one leg stand ... Nystagmus was present ... [and defendant] was unable to touch his right & left tip of his index fingers to the tip of his nose." Officer Shuler did not disclose in his affidavit that the defendant had paper in his mouth less than 15 minutes before he conducted the PBT.
" LEIN" stands for the Law Enforcement Information Network.
[282 Mich.App. 20] Relying on the affidavit, the magistrate issued a search warrant for a blood sample. The blood test revealed that defendant had a blood alcohol content of 0.11 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. Defendant was charged, as a third offender, with operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated, in violation of MCL 257.625(1).
II
Before concluding its evidentiary hearing, the circuit court viewed the videotape of the traffic stop. Following the hearing, the circuit court ruled that Officer Shuler had recklessly omitted information that defendant had paper in his mouth less than 15 minutes before the administration of the PBT, recklessly stated in the affidavit only that Nystagmus was present without informing the magistrate that he had administered the HGN test in a non-standardized way and explaining the manner in which the test was administered, intentionally or recklessly misrepresented that defendant's speech was slurred (a conclusion that the circuit court reached after viewing a videotape), intentionally or recklessly misrepresented that defendant stopped counting at an inappropriate time during the one-legged stand test, and intentionally or recklessly misrepresented that defendant was unable to touch the tip of his nose with his index fingers. The circuit court concluded that given the remaining information in the affidavit indicating that a strong odor of intoxicants emanated from defendant and that defendant had watery eyes, there was insufficient evidence to support a finding of probable cause to issue the search warrant, and the BAC evidence should be suppressed.
[282 Mich.App. 21] III
We review de novo a trial court's ultimate determination on a motion to suppress, People v. McBride (On Remand), 273 Mich.App. 238, 249, 729 N.W.2d 551 (2006), rev'd in part on other grounds 480 Mich. 1047, 743 N.W.2d 884 (2008), and its factual findings for clear error, People v. Williams, 472 Mich. 308, 313, 696 N.W.2d 636 (2005). We review de novo underlying issues of law such as statutory questions or the application of a constitutional standard to uncontested facts. People v. Keller, 479 Mich. 467, 473-474, 739 N.W.2d 505 (2007).
IV
We begin with the constitutional text. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. [U.S. Const., Am. IV (emphasis added).]
Whether a search is reasonable is a fact-intensive determination and must be measured by examining the totality of the circumstances. Williams, supra at 314, 696 N.W.2d 636. A reviewing court must give great deference to a magistrate's finding of probable cause to issue a search warrant. Accordingly, we do not review de novo the lower court's determination regarding the sufficiency of a search warrant affidavit. Keller, supra at 474, 476-477, 739 N.W.2d 505. Rather, " this Court need only ask whether a reasonably cautious person could have concluded that there was a substantial basis for the finding of probable cause." [282 Mich.App. 22] People v. Martin, 271 Mich.App. 280, 297, 721 N.W.2d 815 (2006) (quotation marks and citation omitted). To find a substantial basis, we must " ensure that there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place." Martin, supra at 297, 721 N.W.2d 815 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
V
The prosecutor contends that the circuit court clearly erred by determining that Officer Shuler intentionally or recklessly misrepresented material facts and omitted material facts from the affidavit. " A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made." People v. Lanzo Constr. Co., 272 Mich.App. 470, 473, 726 N.W.2d 746 (2006).
The United States Supreme Court has found that false statements must be stricken from a search warrant affidavit:
[W]here the defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment requires that a hearing be held at the defendant's request. In the event that at that hearing the allegation of perjury or reckless disregard is established by the defendant by a preponderance of the evidence, and, with the affidavit's false material set to one side, the affidavit's remaining content is insufficient to establish probable cause, the search warrant must be voided and the fruits of the search excluded to the same extent as if probable cause was lacking on the face of the affidavit. [ Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-156, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978) (emphasis added).]
[282 Mich.App. 23] See also People v. Stumpf, 196 Mich.App. 218, 224, 492 N.W.2d 795 (1992).
The trial court determined that Officer Shuler, either intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth, omitted material information regarding defendant's PBT result. In his affidavit, Officer Shuler indicated that defendant's PBT results were 0.15, but he omitted that defendant had a piece of paper in his mouth several minutes before administering the test. A PBT should be administered only after the defendant's mouth has been clear of foreign substances for 15 minutes. Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.2655(2)(b). The purpose of the rule is to ensure accuracy of test results. See People v. Wujkowski, 230 Mich.App. 181, 187, 583 N.W.2d 257 (1998); People v. Rexford, 228 Mich.App. 371, 378, 579 N.W.2d 111 (1998). Having reviewed the record, we conclude that the circuit court did not clearly err when it determined that Shuler acted intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth when he omitted this information about the PBT.
But the fact that Shuler intentionally or recklessly omitted relevant information does not, by itself, invalidate the warrant. In Michigan, there is a presumption that an affidavit supporting a search warrant is valid. Martin, supra. Martin states:
A defendant is entitled to a hearing to challenge the validity of a search warrant if he " makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding of probable cause...." Franks, supraStumpf, supra at 155-156, 98 S.Ct. 2674; see also at 224, 492 N.W.2d 795. However, there is a presumption that the affidavit supporting the search warrant is valid. Franks, supra at 171, 98 S.Ct. 2674. In order to warrant a hearing, the challenge " must be more than conclusory and must be [282 Mich.App. 24] supported by more than a mere desire to cross-examine." Id. The rule from Franks is also applicable to material omissions from affidavits. Stumpf, supra at 224, 492 N.W.2d 795. [ Martin, supra at 311, 721 N.W.2d 815.]
Thus, according to Stumpf, only when there have been material omissions necessary to the finding of probable cause may the resulting search warrant be invalidated. We conclude on the basis of this record that the omission by Shuler (the fact that defendant had paper in his mouth less than 15 minutes before the PBT was conducted) was not material, because defendant presented insufficient evidence in the hearing below that the presence of paper in his mouth, three minutes before administration of the PBT, would significantly call into question the accuracy of the PBT result so as to preclude a finding of probable cause.
If, for example, Shuler had disclosed on the affidavit the fact that paper was in defendant's mouth approximately three minutes before he was administered the PBT, the magistrate would have been able to determine what weight to give the PBT result and would not have been required to exclude consideration of the PBT evidence. In this situation, the magistrate's discretion to consider the PBT evidence was broad because only a [282 Mich.App. 25] probable cause finding was required, not proof beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Yost, 468 Mich. 122, 126, 659 N.W.2d 604 (2003). As the Supreme Court noted in Yost: " [T]o find probable cause, a magistrate need not be without doubts regarding guilt. The reason is that the gap between probable cause and guilt beyond a reasonable doubt is broad ... and finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt is the province of the jury." Id.
In analogous situations, the failure strictly to observe the administrative rule requirements for administration of a PBT (such as the 15 minute observation period) has not led to exclusion of the evidence. In Wujkowski, supra, the operator continually observed the defendant from 5:05 a.m. until 5:23 a.m. except for the few seconds it took the officer to walk over and check the datamaster to determine if the fifteen minutes had elapsed. Id. at 186, 583 N.W.2d 257. This Court held " that the momentary time that the officer did not observe defendant was so minimal that the test results cannot be assumed to be inaccurate," noting that " there was no allegation that defendant placed anything in his mouth or regurgitated. Under these circumstances, the Circuit Court erred in ruling that the violation of the administrative rule required suppression of the results of the Breathalyzer test." Id. at 186, 583 N.W.2d 257.
The circuit court also did not clearly err when it determined that Officer Shuler omitted certain facts related to the HGN test, either intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth. While the standard distance for holding the stimulus when conducting the HGN test is 12 to 15 inches from the suspect's face, Officer Shuler could not recall the proper distance that he learned in training and held the pen only four to six inches from defendant's face. When conducting an HGN test, the officer looks for three factors: (1) " the eye cannot follow a moving object smoothly" ; (2) " jerking is distinct when the eye is at a maximum deviation" ; and (3) " the angle of onset of jerking is within 45 degrees of center." See Development of a Standardized Field Sobriety Test, Appendix A: Standardized Field Sobriety Testing, available at < http:// www. nht sa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/SFST/appendix_a.htm> (accessed February 5, 2008).
Although Officer Shuler testified that he knew and understood these factors, he generically stated in the affidavit that " nystagmus is present" without revealing that he had the stimulus too close to defendant's eyes. Because nystagmus occurs naturally and is always present, the fact that the test had not been performed accurately was a significant omission in the warrant affidavit reviewed by the magistrate. We agree with the circuit court that Officer Shuler's incorrect administration [282 Mich.App. 26] of the HGN test led to an inaccurate interpretation of the results, and that Officer Shuler acted with at least reckless disregard for the truth when including the misleading statement about the HGN test results in the affidavit.
We also conclude that the circuit court did not clearly err in determining that Officer Shuler's affidavit statement about the results of the one-legged stand test was false or misleading. Upon review of the patrol car video, the circuit court concluded that while defendant appeared to pause once while counting, he did not stop counting as averred by Officer Shuler. Moreover, Officer Shuler omitted from the affidavit the fact that defendant was swaying slightly during the test, despite the fact that swaying is a standardized factor. The circuit court also did not err by striking the reference to the " finger to nose" test from the affidavit, because the record supports the circuit court's finding that Officer Shuler instructed defendant to touch his nose, rather than the tip of his nose, and that defendant performed the test as he was instructed to do.
Finally, we conclude that the circuit court did not clearly err by determining that Officer Shuler falsely stated that defendant exhibited slurred speech. While the video reveals that defendant did speak slowly, we agree with the circuit court that there is no sign of slurred speech. Accordingly, the circuit court properly struck this statement from the affidavit.
VI
The circuit court determined that after striking the inaccurate facts in the affidavit and considering the omitted material facts, there was insufficient evidence to support the magistrate's finding of probable cause. We disagree.
[282 Mich.App. 27] Absent the stricken statements, and after adding the material information that was improperly omitted, the affidavit would have asserted that Officer Shuler detected the " strong" odor of alcohol and noticed that defendant had " watery eyes," that defendant drove his vehicle through a red light at 2:00 a.m., and that while defendant had paper in his mouth three minutes before the test was administered, defendant's PBT result was 0.15.
" Probable cause does not require certainty. Rather, it requires only a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity." People v. Champion, 452 Mich. 92, 111 n. 11, 549 N.W.2d 849 (1996), citing Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243-244 n. 13, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983).
Probable cause to search exists when facts and circumstances warrant a reasonably prudent person to believe that a crime has been committed and that the evidence sought will be found in a stated place. Whether probable cause exists depends on the information known to the officers at the time of the search. [ People v. Brzezinski, 243 Mich.App. 431, 433, 622 N.W.2d 528 (2000).]
The remaining information in the search warrant affidavit, after the improperly omitted information is added and the improper information is disregarded, is sufficient to form probable cause to issue a search warrant for defendant's blood. When reviewing a search warrant affidavit, we must read it in a " common sense and realistic manner," People v. Whitfield, 461 Mich. 441, 444, 607 N.W.2d 61 (2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted), not a crabbed or hypertechnical manner. Defendant was stopped for a traffic violation in the middle of the night and exhibited a strong smell of alcohol. On the basis of that evidence, Shuler subjected defendant to field sobriety tests. Although the officer [282 Mich.App. 28] failed to correctly administer some of the tests, the evidence presented below did not establish that the 0.15 PBT test result was significantly unreliable as to preclude the reasonable belief by a police officer or a magistrate that defendant's blood might contain evidence of intoxication. Given the absence of any basis to significantly call into question the 0.15 PBT result, and given the other circumstantial evidence that defendant was intoxicated, we find that the circuit court erred by determining that a reasonable magistrate would not have found probable cause to issue a search warrant.
Reversed and remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.