Opinion
Docket No. 31160.
Decided July 5, 1978. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and William Wertheimer, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Daniel J. Wright, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant on appeal.
Before: D.E. HOLBROOK, P.J., and V.J. BRENNAN and M.F. CAVANAGH, JJ.
Defendant Ronald DeWayne Maynard was convicted by jury on June 2, 1976, of attempted larceny from a motor vehicle, contrary to MCL 750.356a; MSA 28.588(1). On August 25, 1976, he was sentenced to from 20 months to 2-1/2 years imprisonment. Defendant filed this appeal as of right on December 6, 1976. GCR 1963, 806.1.
The facts of this case may be simply stated. On April 19, 1976, while leaving his place of business for the evening, complainant James Foster noticed the defendant had entered his parked car and was attempting to remove the citizens' band radio. Defendant was in the process of unscrewing the radio from its holding bracket. Complainant confronted defendant and was told that he was taking the radio in order to meet child support payments. Complainant remained with defendant until the police arrived.
At trial, defendant presented an intoxication defense. His own testimony indicated that at the time of the theft he was not conscious of what he was doing. However, contrary testimony of complainant and the arresting officers was presented to the effect that defendant did not appear intoxicated. One officer stated he believed defendant had had a couple of drinks. The jury subsequently convicted defendant.
On appeal, defendant raises three allegations of error. We need address only one claim at any length.
Defendant contends the trial court committed reversible error by instructing the jury according to the capacity standard and not the COOLEY standard in its charge to the jury concerning defendant's intoxication defense.
The trial court instructed the jury on intoxication in the following way:
"The felonious intent is an essential and inseparable ingredient in every larceny. Every taking of the possession of the property of another is larceny when an intent to steal incurs at the time of the taking.
"Now, the Court instructs you that the intent with which an act is done is an act or emotion of the mind seldom if ever capable of direct or positive proof, but it is to be arrived at by such just and reasonable deductions or inferences from the acts and facts proved as the guarded judgment of a candid and cautious man would ordinarily draw therefrom.
"When the illegal act is done with an unlawful intent the law warrants the presumption or inference that a person intends the results or consequences to follow an act which he intentionally commits, which ordinarily is follow such acts [sic]. In this case the defendant alleges he was intoxicated and that he was unable to form a criminal intent or felonious intent. For that reason, members of the jury in this connection I charge you as follows: That while it is true that drunkenness or intoxication cannot excuse crime it is equally important where certain intent is a necessary element of an offense that the crime cannot be committed without the existence of the intent, and so such intent is just as necessary to be proven as the act itself. If the respondent by reason of the drunkenness or intoxication is incapable of entertaining such a specific intent a conviction cannot be sustained. Now, the jury may draw an inference as to the intent with which a particular act was done as they draw all other inferences from any fact in evidence which to their minds they fairly believe exists, and in considering any question they may and should take into consideration the nature of the defendants act or the temporary or disposition mind [sic] at the time the crime was committed or performed and all other circumstances to throw light upon the intention in which it was made.
"In determining whether the larceny was committed with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of his property it is material for the jury to inquire into the defendants mental faculties, and whether they were so far overcome by the effects of intoxication as to render him incapable of entertaining that intent. If his mental faculties were so far overcome by the intoxication that he was not conscious of what he was doing, or if he did know what he was doing, but he did not know why he was doing it or that his actions and the means he was using were calculated or adapted to commit a larceny then he did not have sufficient capacity to entertain the intent. In that event the jury cannot infer that intent from his acts. But if he knew what he was doing, why he was doing it and that his actions with the means he was using to [sic] were naturally adapted to the commission of larceny then the intent to commit larceny should be inferred from his acts to the same extent as if he was sober.
"The defendant is not to be held responsible for the intent, if he was too drunk for a conscious exercise of the will to form the particular intent, or in other words too drunk to entertain it."
Defendant did not object to this instruction at trial. However, we will review defendant's claim despite the absence of such objection. People v Grim, 65 Mich. App. 143, 146; 237 N.W.2d 221 (1975), People v Chambers #2, 64 Mich. App. 386, 392; 236 N.W.2d 703 (1975).
The law regarding a trial court's responsibility to instruct on an intoxication defense has been much litigated recently in Michigan. The standard for trial court instruction has thus become clearer in the past year or so. What is required is instruction which informs the jury to consider whether defendant had in fact possessed specific intent in crimes where specific intent could be negated by voluntary intoxication. What has been found unacceptable is instruction which stresses defendant's capacity to form the necessary specific intent and so misdirects the jury's attention to a consideration unrelated to the specific intent element to be proved. People v Crittle, 390 Mich. 367, 372; 212 N.W.2d 196 (1973).
However, decisions also indicate that instructing the jury on the capacity standard is not reversible error per se. Use of the capacity standard has not been found to require reversal where the jury has also been informed by use of the COOLEY standard that the defendant must be proven to have actually possessed the specific intent at the time the crime was committed, regardless of intoxication or any other reason whatsoever. People v Gunter, 76 Mich. App. 483, 492; 257 N.W.2d 133 (1977), People v Scott, 55 Mich. App. 739, 741-746; 223 N.W.2d 330 (1974). We stated the following in Scott:
"Where, as here, the trial court affirmatively instructs the jury that they must address themselves to the question of whether defendant did in fact have the necessary intent, the giving of the so-called `capacity standard' not only does not create any irreconcilable conflict, inconsistency or confusion, but rather it more fully informs the jury of the overall scope of their duty." (Emphasis added.) 55 Mich App at 745.
See also People v Gunter, supra, at 492.
We must determine here whether the trial court properly instructed the jury. Clearly, wording equivalent to the intoxication instruction disapproved in Crittle does appear on the record. See People v Crittle, supra, at 373-374. However, equally clear is instructional wording taken directly from the acceptable COOLEY standard. See People v Walker, 38 Mich. 156, 158 (1878). The question is whether the jury left the courtroom knowing that to convict they must find the defendant did in fact possess the necessary specific intent to commit larceny, regardless of any possible intoxication. We find that the court did sufficiently inform the jury of their responsibility. Despite the capacity language, we find the charge constantly emphasizes that defendant's guilt would not be established unless specific intent were in fact proven to exist at the time the crime was committed.
Further, even were we to find the capacity standard stressed to the point of error, we would hold that the error is harmless in this case. People v Stephens, 71 Mich. App. 33, 37; 246 N.W.2d 429 (1976), People v Sizemore, 69 Mich. App. 672, 678-679; 245 N.W.2d 159 (1976), People v Parsons, 59 Mich. App. 79, 86; 228 N.W.2d 852 (1975). Unlike Crittle, where defendant claimed that he intended nothing more than a prank and so argued that he had a different intent than a larcenous intent, defendant in this case claims only that he did not have the capacity to form a specific intent. In essence, then, defendant offered his defense upon the very basis embodied in the instruction given. He was arguing that he did not have the necessary criminal intent because he could not have formed the intent. Thus, had the jury found defendant's testimony believable, they would have had a clear duty to acquit him. The prejudice implicit in the fact situation presented in Crittle is absent in this case. The error, if any, was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Christensen, 64 Mich. App. 23, 32-34; 235 N.W.2d 50 (1975).
As to defendant's second claim of error, there is no basis to reverse because we do not believe the trial court's instruction shifted the burden of overcoming the presumption as to defendant's acts onto the defendant. In short, the court did not instruct the jury so as to require, rather than permit, a finding of intent from defendant's acts. People v Ross, 69 Mich. App. 705, 708-709; 245 N.W.2d 335 (1976), People v Jordan, 51 Mich. App. 710, 716; 216 N.W.2d 71 (1974).
As to defendant's third claim concerning the prosecution's comments on cross-examination and in closing argument, we do not believe defendant was deprived of a fair trial where no objection was made to these comments during cross-examination or following closing argument. People v William Clark, 68 Mich. App. 48, 52; 241 N.W.2d 756 (1976). However, even were we to consider defendant's claim on appeal, we find the prosecution's remarks unplanned and the remainder of his cross-examination of defendant permissible. See People v Jones, 75 Mich. App. 261, 274-275; 254 N.W.2d 863 (1977), People v McMillan, 68 Mich. App. 113, 120; 242 N.W.2d 518 (1976).
Affirmed.
D.E. HOLBROOK, P.J., concurred.
For the reasons expressed in People v Grim, 65 Mich. App. 143, 145; 237 N.W.2d 221 (1975), and Judge ALLEN'S dissent in People v Lutzke, 68 Mich. App. 75, 82-83; 241 N.W.2d 765 (1976), (reversed at 399 Mich. 870; 251 N.W.2d 691, on the basis of People v Crittle, 390 Mich. 367; 212 N.W.2d 196), I find the intoxication instruction herein to be erroneous.
I do not believe that the error here can be dismissed as harmless.
Defendant's testimony was that, because of intoxication, he had no memory of the events in question. This is consistent with two factual theories, either of which would constitute a defense: (1) defendant did not have the requisite intent because of incapacity; and (2) though capable, defendant did not have a larcenous intent, but did have some other intent, which he can't remember.
The error of the reasoning in People v Stephens, 71 Mich. App. 33, 35-37; 246 N.W.2d 429, 430-431 (1976), and People v Sizemore, 69 Mich. App. 672, 677-679; 245 N.W.2d 159, 162-163 (1976), is that, by equating a claimed lack of memory with a claimed lack of capacity, they overlook the possibility of defendant's second line of defense. An instruction which emphasizes the capacity standard prejudices a defendant claiming lack of memory by leading a jury to overlook the same possibility.
For these reasons, I would reverse.