Opinion
Docket No. 21570.
Decided October 14, 1975.
Appeal from Kalamazoo, Lucien F. Sweet, J. Submitted October 7, 1975, at Grand Rapids. (Docket No. 21570.) Decided October 14, 1975.
Saunders Grim was convicted of assault with intent to rape. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Donald A. Burge, Prosecuting Attorney, and Michael Slaughter, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Brignall, DeVries Lamb, P.C., for defendant.
Defendant appeals his conviction by a jury of assault with intent to rape. MCLA 750.85; MSA 28.280. We find reversible error in the trial court's instruction to the jury on the defense of intoxication.
People v Crittle, 390 Mich. 367, 374; 212 N.W.2d 196, 199 (1973), clearly elucidates the proper nature of a jury instruction on intoxication as a defense to those crimes requiring specific intent:
"These various rules all have one thing in common. They refer to a capacity standard. Their test is not Justice COOLEY'S — `[T]he crime cannot have been committed when the intent did not exist.' Their test is rather `the crime cannot have been committed when the intent could not exist.' It is obviously a different standard and not to be followed." (Emphasis in original.)
Assault with intent to rape requires specific intent, and a jury must be adequately instructed thereupon.
Our evaluation of the instruction requires that it be read in its entirety. People v Harper, 43 Mich. App. 500; 204 N.W.2d 263 (1972), People v Hodo, 51 Mich. App. 628; 215 N.W.2d 733 (1974). In this regard, People v Scott, 55 Mich. App. 739, 743-744; 223 N.W.2d 330, 333 (1974), represents the conclusion of a panel of this Court that:
"While the COOLEY standard (the intent did not exist) is different than the capacity standard (the intent could not exist), this is not to say that there is an irreconcilable conflict between the two when both are found in the same charge." (Emphasis in original.)
This belief is difficult to square with the presumption expressed in People v Gilbert Johnson, 52 Mich. App. 560, 563; 218 N.W.2d 65, 67 (1974): "given erroneous and correct instructions, the jury is presumed to have followed the incorrect instruction". Crittle's disapproval of a capacity standard is explicit. It seems obvious that an instruction incorporating both standards might only be saved if it clearly and predominantly emphasized the proper COOLEY standard.
Such is not the case in this instance. The instruction contains at least three separate and various expressions of the erroneous capacity standard: first, "as to render him incapable of entertaining that intent"; second, "you must find that his intoxication was such as to make it impossible for him to have the requisite intent"; and third, "that he wasn't conscious of what he was doing, or did not know why he was doing it, then he could not have such intent". (Emphasis added.) The first version closely approximates that of People v Stram, 40 Mich. App. 249; 198 N.W.2d 753 (1972); the last version is the long-used formulation of Roberts v People, 19 Mich. 401 (1870). Both are expressly disavowed in Crittle.
The people wrongly assert defendant's failure to object to the instruction as proscriptive of his allegation of error. The trial judge's incorrect statement of the law may be initially raised on appeal, or reviewed sua sponte by the Court. People v Guillett, 342 Mich. 1, 7; 69 N.W.2d 140, 143 (1955), Crittle, supra, 370-371.
Discussion of the other allegations of error is not necessary in view of our resolution of the first issue. Nevertheless, we have considered the other issues raised by the defendant and find one to have possible merit. A Detective Ballett testified at trial that defendant stood silent when accused of attempted rape. This testimony raises the clear possibility that the jury would infer guilt from defendant's silence. This may be seen to negatively impact on defendant's constitutional right to remain silent. It is suggested that this testimony not be repeated on retrial.
Reversed and remanded.