Opinion
June 23, 1998
Appeal from the Supreme Court, New York County (Bernard Fried, J.).
The court properly determined that the case of People v. Bialostok ( 80 N.Y.2d 738) should be applied prospectively only and does not apply to the pen register orders or electronic eavesdropping warrants in this case, all of which were issued and/or extended prior to the date of the Bialostok decision ( see, People v. Salzarulo, 168 Misc.2d 408). We conclude that Bialostok is subject to New York's flexible approach to retroactivity rather than the Federal rule of automatic retroactivity to pending cases, as enunciated in Griffith v. Kentucky ( 479 U.S. 314).
In Bialostok, the Court of Appeals noted that in interpreting CPL article 700, it was required to be sensitive "`to the constitutional guarantees against search and seizure that the statute seeks to protect'" (80 N.Y.2d, supra, at 745, quoting People v. Washington, 46 N.Y.2d 116, 121). Nonetheless, the Court of Appeals expressly stated that the issue before it was "not the reasonableness of the search but statutory compliance" (80 N.Y.2d, supra, at 744). As a result, the Bialostok decision is a State rule of law, primarily concerned with a State statute ( see, People v. Favor, 82 N.Y.2d 254, 261-262), as recognized by Federal courts that have addressed this issue ( see, United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641, 659-661; United States v. Love, 859 F. Supp. 725, 732-733, affd sub nom. United States v. Roberts, 41 F.3d 1501; United States v. Shnayderman, 1993 U.S. Dist LEXIS 18016 [ED Pa, Dec. 17, 1993, Brody, J.]). Since we find the Bialostok rule to be a State rule of law, albeit inspired by Federal constitutional principles to some extent, we decline to follow People v. LaMendola ( 206 A.D.2d 207, 208 [4th Dept 1994]).
The Bialostok decision created a new rule of law in extending the requirement of probable cause to pen registers that are merely capable of overhearing conversations even where, as in this case, they are not in fact used to overhear conversations ( see, United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641, 658, supra; United States v. Love, 859 F. Supp. 725, 732-733, supra; United States v. Shnayderman, 1993 U.S. Dist LEXIS 18016, supra; see also, People v. Favor, 82 N.Y.2d 254, 262-263, supra). Thus, under the three-part test enunciated by the Court of Appeals, we find that all the factors weigh against retroactive application and in favor of prospective application ( see, People v. Favor, supra, at 262; People v. Mitchell, 80 N.Y.2d 519; People v. Pepper, 53 N.Y.2d 213, 220). Accordingly, the court properly denied defendant's motion to suppress the evidence derived from the eavesdropping warrants as fruit of allegedly unlawful pen register orders.
The court properly admitted direct testimony about an incident in The Bronx where defendant and other union plumbers went through a work site in a manner that caused nonunion plumbers to leave. Such testimony properly demonstrated that the defendant used "strong-arm" tactics as part of a wide-ranging common scheme or plan to pressure non-union businesses or contractors into hiring union plumbers ( see, People v. Molineux, 168 N.Y. 264, 305-313; People v. D'Andrea, 187 A.D.2d 753, 754, lv denied 81 N.Y.2d 884; People v. Pons, 159 A.D.2d 471, 473, lv denied 76 N.Y.2d 741).
The court properly admitted taped coconspirator declarations, while providing sufficient opportunity for cross-examination of the declarant ( People v. Persico, 157 A.D.2d 339, lv denied 76 N.Y.2d 895; see also, People v. Ely, 68 N.Y.2d 520, 527).
The evidence, viewed in its totality, provided ample basis for the jury to infer defendant's accessorial liability for an attempt to coerce the particular victim named in the indictment ( see, Penal Law § 20.00, 110.00 Penal, 135.65 Penal), which did not constitute lawful labor activities ( see, Penal Law § 135.60). The challenged testimony by the wife of the named victim was relevant. to the issues presented at trial, was not unduly prejudicial, and did not result in a variance between the indictment and the proof with respect to the identity of the victim.
Concur — Lerner, P. J., Rubin, Williams, Mazzarelli and Andrias, JJ.