Summary
In People v Marshall, 115 Mich. App. 433; 320 N.W.2d 396 (1982), and in People v Baker #2, 103 Mich. App. 704; 304 N.W.2d 262 (1981), held in abeyance 412 Mich. 859 (1982), this Court found harmless error where each trial court had instructed for an offense compatible with each defendant's theory of defense and degree of culpability.
Summary of this case from People v. CavanaughOpinion
Docket No. 54986.
Decided April 21, 1982. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel, and James A. Cherry, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Faintuck, Shwedel, Wolfram, McDonald Zipser, for defendant on appeal.
On September 23, 1980, defendant, together with a codefendant, was convicted by a jury of armed robbery of a Chatham supermarket in Royal Oak on May 27, 1980, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, and possession of a firearm in the commission of such felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Sentenced on October 14, 1980, to two years imprisonment on the felony-firearm count and one to ten years imprisonment on the armed robbery count, defendant appeals as of right raising one issue.
Defendant offered no testimony or evidence at trial, but contended that because the robbers wore nylon stockings over their heads and their features were distorted, defendant could not be identified as one of the robbers with any reasonable certainty. According to defendant, the difficulty in identifying him as one of the robbers created a reasonable doubt as to his guilt. The jury was instructed on the elements of armed robbery and unarmed robbery. The trial judge denied defendant's request to charge the jury on larceny from a person, attempted larceny from a person, or larceny in a building.
Defendant argues that larceny from a person is a necessarily included lesser offense of armed robbery. According to defendant, the failure to give the requested instructions on the necessarily included offenses is per se reversible. The people admit that under authority of People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379; 236 N.W.2d 461 (1975), error was committed, but contend that the error should not "automatically and unabashedly drive appellate courts to issue orders of reversal". The people urge this Court to employ the "harmless error" approach adopted in People v Baker #2, 103 Mich. App. 704, 713-714; 304 N.W.2d 262 (1981).
Under certain circumstances, this Court has found that a trial court's refusal to instruct on lesser included offenses was harmless error. In People v Trout, 95 Mich. App. 163; 290 N.W.2d 109 (1980), defendant was charged with breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny, and the trial court instructed on three lesser included offenses: (1) attempted breaking and entering an occupied dwelling; (2) breaking and entering an unoccupied dwelling; and (3) entering without breaking a dwelling house. The court declined to give additional instructions on attempted larceny in a building, attempted breaking and entering an unoccupied dwelling, and attempted entering without breaking. Our Court sustained the conviction on grounds that where three lesser included offenses were instructed upon and the jury returned a verdict on the principal charge, no error occurred.
Similarly, in People v Medrano, 101 Mich. App. 577; 300 N.W.2d 636 (1980), defendant was charged with third-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-3). The trial court instructed on attempted CSC-3 and CSC-4 but refused to instruct on the cognate lesser offense of gross indecency. This Court affirmed the conviction on grounds that the jury had ample opportunity to convict the defendant on one of the lesser offenses but chose not to do so. In Baker #2, supra, defendant was charged and found guilty of CSC-1. The trial court instructed on the necessarily lesser included offense of CSC-3, but declined to instruct on the cognate offense of CSC-4. This Court found the error harmless on the dual grounds that (1) the jury was given the opportunity to find defendant guilty of a lesser offense but declined to do so, and (2) since defendant's theory was alibi, the failure to instruct on CSC-4 could not be prejudicial.
"Although the requested instruction on fourth-degree CSC should have been given, reversal is not required. Instructions were given on the lesser included offense of third-degree CSC, yet the jury convicted defendant of the charged offense. We conclude that the jury had no reasonable doubt as to defendant's guilt of the charged offense. If the jury had doubts about defendant's guilt of the charged offense but believed him to be guilty of some wrongdoing, they could have found him guilty of third-degree CSC. They did not do so. Additionally, defendant's theory of the case was alibi. Thus, the trial court's failure to instruct on fourth-degree CSC did not prevent the jury from believing defendant's story. The jury found defendant's theory unbelievable. Hence, we perceive no prejudice in the trial court's refusal to instruct on fourth-degree CSC. People v Medrano, 101 Mich. App. 577; 300 N.W.2d 636 (1980), People v Trout, 95 Mich. App. 163; 290 N.W.2d 109 (1980), People v Herbert Ross, 73 Mich. App. 588; 252 N.W.2d 526 (1977)." Baker #2, 713-714. (Footnote omitted.)
Baker #2 and the instant case are similar in two respects. In each case the trial court instructed on a lesser included offense but declined to instruct on an additional lesser offense when requested. In each case the defense of alibi was raised. Because of the similarity, we find the rationale of Baker #2 controlling and hold that, in the case before us, the court's failure to give the requested additional instructions was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Carter, 412 Mich. 214, 217; 313 N.W.2d 896 (1981).
Our conclusion that the harmless error test may be applied in the case before us is reinforced by the Supreme Court's language in People v Richardson, 409 Mich. 126; 293 N.W.2d 332 (1980). In that case the defendant, Jesse Richardson, was tried and convicted of first-degree murder. His defense was an accidental killing, self-defense, and criminal negligence of the kind that attends involuntary manslaughter. At the close of proofs, defense counsel requested instructions on first-degree murder only. The trial judge denied the request stating he would instruct on first- and second-degree murder. Counsel then requested instructions on the lesser offenses of both voluntary and involuntary manslaughter and reckless use of a firearm causing death or injury. The court refused to instruct on reckless use of a firearm and involuntary manslaughter, but did instruct on voluntary manslaughter. On appeal, the Court of Appeals stated that since evidence was adduced which would have supported a finding of involuntary manslaughter or reckless use of a firearm, the instructions should have been given. However, since the jury was given the option to convict on the lesser offenses of second-degree murder and voluntary manslaughter, the Court of Appeals found the error harmless. On appeal, the Supreme Court reversed saying:
"The doctrine of harmless error is stated in both court rule and statute. The essence of this doctrine is that: `appellate courts should not reverse a conviction unless the error was prejudicial'. People v Robinson, 386 Mich. 551, 562; 194 N.W.2d 709 (1972). In the present case, we find it unnecessary to decide whether the harmless error principle can be applied generally to the kind of instructional error that occurred below, because even if such error could be harmless in some cases, it clearly was prejudicial here.
* * *
"The three offenses upon which the jury was instructed all involve activity which includes an intent to do great bodily harm or cause death. The two offenses upon which the defendant's request for instructions was denied involve conduct which is careless, reckless, or criminally negligent, and results in injury or death.
"Thus, the effect of the trial judge's refusal to instruct on the lesser offenses of involuntary manslaughter and reckless use of a firearm was to foreclose the jury's option to convict the defendant in accordance with his own testimony, evidence, and theory." Richardson, supra, 139-141. (Footnotes omitted, emphasis added.)
Though Richardson held that the failure to give the requested instructions on the lesser offenses was not harmless on the facts in that case, its language and reasoning clearly portends that in other situations the error may properly be found harmless. In Richardson the instructions which the court refused to give related to the degree of defendant's culpability and were compatible with his theory of defense. In the instant case, the instructions which the court declined to give were not compatible with defendant's theory of defense or defendant's degree of culpability. Defendant did not claim larceny from a person or larceny from a building. Instead, he admitted there was an armed robbery but asserted misidentification, claiming he was not one of the robbers. The jury was given the opportunity to use its mercy powers by finding defendant guilty of the lesser offense of unarmed robbery. The jury refused to do so because they found defendant's theory untenable. Thus, as in Trout, Medrano, and Baker #2, supra, the error is "harmless".
In closing argument, counsel for defendant stated: "Examine all that, when you are in the jury room, trying to determine whether or not the people have met their burden. For, as I maintain here, I think the evidence shows that there was an armed robbery committed, I won't quarrel with that; the question, as far as my client is concerned, is whether or not the people have proven that Dennis Marshall committed that armed robbery."
It might be argued that Trout, Medrano, Baker #2 and Richardson are distinguishable because in each of those cases the instruction which the court refused to give was for a cognate offense The relevance of distinguishing between a cognate and necessarily included lesser offense instruction is explained in People v Herbert Ross, 73 Mich. App. 588, 593; 252 N.W.2d 526 (1977), where the Court said:
"Although the undisputed evidence may be compatible only with a verdict of guilty of the greater offense or not guilty, the trial court must always instruct, nevertheless, on a necessarily included lesser offense since the Supreme Court has ruled that in such a case `the evidence will always support the lesser if it supports the greater'. People v Ora Jones, supra, at 390, People v Lovett, 396 Mich. 101; 238 N.W.2d 44 (1976)."
In People v Kamin, 405 Mich. 482, 493; 275 N.W.2d 777 (1979), the Supreme Court further explained the distinction:
Cited as People v Kamin, but is a consolidation of four separate cases: People v Kamin, People v Austin, People v Cargill and People v Harrison.
"Pursuant to People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379; 236 N.W.2d 461 (1975), and People v Chamblis, 395 Mich. 408; 236 N.W.2d 473 (1975), it is clear that a defendant has a right upon request to have the jury instructed on necessarily included offenses. Further, a defendant has a right upon request to jury instructions on those cognate lesser included offenses which are supported by record evidence.
"The automatic instruction rule for necessarily lesser included offenses removed the need for the trial judges to review the record in order to determine whether or not there is evidence to support a verdict on the lesser offense. Review of the record for evidentiary support is now in order only when the defense requests that the jury be instructed on a cognate lesser included offense." (Footnotes omitted.)
However, in Kamin, supra, the Supreme Court also stated that larceny from a person was a lesser cognate offense of armed robbery. Id., 501. Thus, all three of the instructions requested by counsel but which the trial court refused to give in the instant case (larceny from a person, attempted larceny from a person, and larceny in a building) pertained to cognate offenses. Therefore, Trout, Medrano, Baker #2 and Richardson, supra, all of which involve requests for instructions on lesser cognate offenses and in all of which this Court found the error to be harmless, remain solid authority for finding harmless error in the instant case.
At oral argument, defendant cited this jurist's opinion in People v Green, 86 Mich. App. 142; 272 N.W.2d 216 (1978), as authority for precluding a holding of harmless error in the instant case. We disagree. First, the claim of harmless error was not raised nor even discussed in Green, and at the time Green was written, Trout, Medrano and Baker #2 had not been decided. Second, in Green the trial judge did instruct on larceny from a person and unarmed robbery, but refused to instruct on attempted unarmed robbery and attempted larceny from a person. Here, counsel did not request instructions on attempted unarmed robbery. Third, and most importantly, Green treated larceny from a person as a necessarily included lesser offense, which under Ora Jones, supra, and People v Lovett, 396 Mich. 101; 238 N.W.2d 44 (1976), required the court to give the instruction on the lesser offense when requested. However, as noted, the Supreme Court in Kamin, supra, has now ruled that larceny from a person is a lesser included cognate offense of armed robbery. Consequently, our opinion in Green, supra, is no longer controlling on this issue.
"The same logic supporting the decision in Lovett should apply to a requested attempt instruction to unarmed robbery and larceny from a person. Hence, we conclude that the attempts to unarmed robbery and larceny from a person are necessarily included lesser offenses to their greater, completed offenses. Since the offenses of unarmed robbery and larceny from a person are necessarily included lesser offenses of armed robbery, the lesser attempt offenses of these two theft offenses are also necessarily included lesser offenses of armed robbery. It was consequently error to refuse to give the requested instruction to attempted unarmed robbery, attempted larceny from a person, and attempted armed robbery." Green, supra, 149-150. (Emphasis added.)
Nevertheless, defense counsel strongly argues that even though the instructions requested in the instant case were for cognate offenses, the Supreme Court's decision in Kamin precludes a finding of harmless error where, as here, the record supports a finding of the requested lesser cognate offense. One of the four defendants in Kamin was Cargill who, testifying in his own defense on a charge of armed robbery, presented an alibi defense. At the close of proofs, defense counsel requested instructions on five lesser offenses. The trial judge declined to give any of the requested instructions on grounds that there was no evidence of record supporting the lesser offenses. The Supreme Court held that this was error:
Robbery unarmed, assault with intent to commit robbery while armed, attempt to commit robbery unarmed, larceny from the person, and assault and battery.
"The trial judge erred in refusing to honor defense counsel's request for instructions on robbery unarmed, assault with intent to commit robbery while armed, and attempt to commit robbery unarmed. They are necessarily lesser included offenses of armed robbery, the crime with which defendant was charged. It was also error to refuse instruction on the lesser cognate offense of larceny from the person.
"Assault and battery need not have been instructed upon in the instant matter under the policy we announced in Chamblis, supra, 429. Because it is a misdemeanor punishable by less than one year and the charged offense of armed robbery is a felony punishable by more than two years it was not error for the trial court to have refused instruction on the charge.
"We reverse defendant's conviction and remand to the trial court for entry of a judgment of conviction of attempt to commit robbery unarmed and resentencing, with an option afforded the prosecutor to retry defendant on the original charge of armed robbery." Cargill, supra, 500-501.
While Cargill is similar to the instant case in that an alibi defense was presented and a request was made for an instruction on the lesser charge of larceny from the person, it is different in four significant respects. No lesser included offenses were charged. Thus, unlike the situation here and in Baker #2, Medrano and Trout, supra, the jury was given no opportunity to exercise its mercy dispensing powers. The claim of harmless error was never raised nor discussed. Request was made for an instruction on attempted unarmed robbery. The relief granted, viz: entry of judgment of the lesser offense of attempt to commit unarmed robbery, would appear to be precluded in the instant case since the jury was given the opportunity but declined to find defendant guilty of unarmed robbery.
In summary, defendant's thesis appears to be that failure to instruct on any requested record-supported cognate included lesser offenses usurps the jury's function and thus can never be held to be harmless. We reject that thesis. The Supreme Court has not so broadly held, and in Richardson, supra, has intimated that in certain situations a refusal to give instructions on lesser included cognate offenses may be harmless. Further, this Court in several cases herein mentioned has held that refusal to instruct on lesser included offenses may be harmless. Likewise, we recognize that in some factual circumstances the refusal to instruct on lesser offenses may not be harmless. Cargill and Richardson, supra. But until the Supreme Court holds otherwise, we find here that the error was harmless, and we will continue to so find in situations not inconsistent with substantial justice or not resulting in a miscarriage of justice.
GCR 1963, 529.1; MCL 769.26; MSA 28.1096.
Affirmed.