Summary
In People v Baker #2, 103 Mich. App. 704; 304 N.W.2d 262 (1981), lv den 417 Mich. 1093 (1983), the defendant was convicted by a jury of first-degree CSC for sexually assaulting a motel maid.
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Docket No. 47165.
Decided February 17, 1981. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Frank R. Del Vero, Prosecuting Attorney (by Thomas C. Nelson, Assistant Attorney General, Prosecuting Attorneys Appellate Service), for the people.
P.E. Bennett, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant on appeal.
On June 6, 1979, defendant was convicted by a jury in Livingston County Circuit Court of first-degree criminal sexual conduct in violation of MCL 750.520b(1)(f); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(f). Defendant was sentenced to 40 to 60 years imprisonment and appeals as of right.
On June 24, 1978, defendant allegedly sexually assaulted a maid at the Holiday Inn in Howell. The maid was alone cleaning a room in the hotel when defendant entered the room, exposed himself, grabbed the maid around the neck and threatened to kill her if she did not do what he wanted. Defendant then forced the maid to have sexual intercourse with him and, after warning her to remain in the room, fled. An alert was sent throughout the Holiday Inn communications system warning of an individual with defendant's description who had been approaching women who were alone in various hotels across the state.
On September 26, 1978, approximately three months after the incident which is the basis of the present litigation, defendant approached a maid at the Farmington Holiday Inn. However, the maid recognized defendant from the description contained in the Holiday Inn communications system alert and blew a warning whistle which she had been issued. Defendant was then observed fleeing the hotel. With this information, the police were able to include defendant among the suspects in the case. Defendant was thereafter identified from a photographic showup on September 29, 1978, by the present victim and arrested the next day. Defendant was brought to trial. His defense was alibi. Defendant claimed to be home with his brother on the date of the present incident. Defendant was convicted and raises several issues on appeal, which will be dealt with seriatim.
First, defendant claims there was not sufficient evidence presented on the element of personal injury in first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC) to justify submitting the charge to the jury. Although defendant concedes that the evidence indicates that the victim had a sore neck and was upset after the incident, he claims that being upset and having a sore neck are not severe enough to constitute the personal injury needed to elevate third-degree CSC to first-degree CSC. Defendant relies largely on the recent case of People v Gorney, 99 Mich. App. 199; 297 N.W.2d 648 (1980). The Gorney panel held that the personal injury component of mental anguish must involve "extreme" or "serious" mental anguish. While this panel may or may not agree with the Gorney panel in finding a clear and cogent reason for giving the statute in question a construction the Legislature plainly refused to give, this panel need not reach that decision. The Gorney rationale held that the factors which may establish "extreme" mental anguish sufficient to justify a conviction:
The legislative intent of the present statute is apparent from its legislative history. The original Senate Bill (SB 1207) used the terms "serious personal injury" and "extreme mental anguish". The initial House substitute for SB 1207 eliminated the adjective "serious" from personal injury and changed "extreme mental anguish" to "severe mental anguish". Later, the word "severe" was struck from the bill and an amendment to reinsert this term was defeated. Therefore, the clear legislative intent was that any personal injury or any mental anguish suffice. This is noted in People v Gorney, supra, 207, fn 5.
People v Adamowski, 340 Mich. 422, 429; 65 N.W.2d 753 (1954), holds that courts should not, without clear and cogent reason, give a statute a construction the Legislature plainly refused to give. Although this is not the appropriate case to consider the void for vagueness argument raised by defendant since the present case meets the Gorney "extreme" mental anguish standard, this Court notes that: (1) not all third-degree CSC involves mental anguish, e.g., consensual sexual intercourse with a person who is at least 13 years of age and under 16 years of age, and (2) prosecutorial discretion with regard to the crime charged arising out of the same conduct has withstood constitutional attack, e.g., larceny in a building versus shoplifting.
"* * * may include the need by the victim for psychiatric care or some interference in the victim's ability to conduct a normal life, such as absence from the workplace." Gorney, supra, 207. (Emphasis supplied.)
In the present case, the victim testified that, as a result of the trauma she suffered, she did not go back to work for some time and that, when she was able to return to work, it was at another job. Even under the Gorney rationale, these facts are sufficient to justify the submission of first-degree CSC to the jury.
Defendant's second claim of error is that the trial court improperly admitted similar acts testimony. Three witnesses testified. The first was a maid at the Holiday Inn in Ann Arbor. She testified that while alone in the hotel cleaning a room, defendant entered the room, grabbed her around the neck, threatened her, and then made her have sexual intercourse with him. Afterwards, defendant fled. The second witness was a guest at the Ann Arbor Campus Inn. She testified that while alone in the hotel, in the women's sauna, defendant entered the room with a knife, threatened her, and then made her have sexual intercourse with him. Afterwards, defendant fled. The third witness was a maid at the Troy Hilton Inn. She testified that while alone in the hotel cleaning a room, defendant entered the room, grabbed her around the neck, threatened her, and attempted to have sexual intercourse with her. The witness's struggling prevented defendant from achieving penile penetration. Afterward, defendant fled.
Defendant claims the trial court erred in applying the similar acts factors set out in People v Major, 407 Mich. 394, 398-399; 285 N.W.2d 660 (1979). These factors were set forth as follows:
"The evidential process by which similar acts evidence is properly introduced involves direct proof of three propositions from which a fourth is inferable and thus proved circumstantially. They are:
"1) that the manner in which the criminal act in question or some significant aspect of it was performed bore certain distinguishing, peculiar or special characteristics;
"2) that certain specific similar acts, performed contemporaneously with or prior to or subsequently to the act in question, bore the same distinguishing, peculiar or special characteristics;
"3) that the similar acts were performed by the defendant; and
"4) that, accordingly, the crime in question was committed by the defendant.
"It is the distinguishing characteristics which constitute the acts as similar within the meaning of MCL 768.27 [MSA 28.1050] and MRE 404(b), not the fact that all constitute the same crime or are violative of the same statute. The distinguishing, peculiar or special characteristics which are common to the acts and thus personalize them are said to be the defendant's `signature' which identifies him as the perpetrator."
We believe the similar acts testimony in the instant case meets the requirements of Major, supra. The present evidence meets the three-proposition test because there are distinctive characteristics common to the acts which constitute a "signature" identifying defendant as the perpetrator of the crime in question, thus satisfying the fourth proposition. People v Horton, 98 Mich. App. 62, 70; 296 N.W.2d 184 (1980). The similar acts evidence qualified for admission into evidence as being probative of the statutorily specified purpose of identity which was made material, i.e., was in issue, by defendant's alibi defense. Major, supra, 400. The similar acts need only be sufficiently similar, not identical, to the present crime to make evidence of such acts admissible. In the instant case, the fact that in all the similar acts the defendant threatened the victims and attacked each of the victims while they were alone in a hotel is sufficient to constitute defendant's "signature" and to justify the trial court's decision to admit this testimony as being more probative than prejudicial. This Court finds no abuse of the trial court's discretion in so ruling.
Next, defendant argues that his identification was improper and warrants reversal. We disagree. The requirement of a corporeal lineup has not been extended to a pre-custody, pre-questioning, mere suspicion phase of an investigation. People v Lee, 391 Mich. 618, 625; 218 N.W.2d 655 (1974). At the time of the photographic showups in the instant case, defendant was not the focus of the investigation but merely among the suspects in the case. The trial court properly conducted a Wade hearing (United States v Wade, 388 U.S. 218; 87 S.Ct. 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149) and determined that both the photographic showups and the corporeal lineup were properly conducted with no resulting prejudice to the defendant. People v Kachar, 400 Mich. 78; 252 N.W.2d 807 (1977). We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in ruling that the identification procedures followed were not so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification that defendant had been denied due process of law. Stovall v Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302; 87 S.Ct. 1967; 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967), Kachar, supra, Horton, supra. No error occurred.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct on the necessarily included lesser offense of fourth-degree CSC. First, fourth-degree CSC is not a necessarily included offense of first-degree CSC. People v Garrow, 99 Mich. App. 834; 298 N.W.2d 627 (1980). However, in most cases, as in the present case, fourth-degree CSC is a factually included offense of first-degree CSC. Garrow, supra. As such, it was error for the trial court to refuse the defendant's requested instruction. People v Richardson, 409 Mich. 126, 135; 293 N.W.2d 332 (1980), People v Phillips, 385 Mich. 30, 36; 187 N.W.2d 211 (1971).
The question is thus presented as to whether this instructional error is rendered harmless by the jury's verdict of guilty on a higher offense where the option was available to convict on some lesser offense. The doctrine of harmless error is stated in both court rule and statute. The essence of this doctrine is that: "Appellate courts should not reverse a conviction unless the error was prejudicial." People v Robinson, 386 Mich. 551, 562; 194 N.W.2d 709 (1972), Richardson, supra, 139-140.
GCR 1963, 529.1 provides:
"No error in either the admission or the exclusion of evidence and no error or defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or omitted by the court or by any of the parties is ground for granting a new trial or for setting aside a verdict or for vacating, modifying, or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial justice. The court at every stage of the proceedings shall construe these rules to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action so as to avoid the consequences of any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties."
MCL 769.26; MSA 28.1096 provides:
"No judgment or verdict shall be set aside or reversed or a new trial be granted by any court of this state in any criminal case, on the ground of misdirection of the jury, or the improper admission or rejection of evidence, or for error as to any matter of pleading or procedure, unless in the opinion of the court, after an examination of the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear that the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice."
In the present case, the trial court instructed on first-degree CSC and on the necessarily included lesser offense of third-degree CSC. Although the requested instruction on fourth-degree CSC should have been given, reversal is not required. Instructions were given on the lesser included offense of third-degree CSC, yet the jury convicted defendant of the charged offense. We conclude that the jury had no reasonable doubt as to defendant's guilt of the charged offense. If the jury had doubts about defendant's guilt of the charged offense but believed him to be guilty of some wrongdoing, they could have found him guilty of third-degree CSC. They did not do so. Additionally, defendant's theory of the case was alibi. Thus, the trial court's failure to instruct on fourth-degree CSC did not prevent the jury from believing defendant's story. The jury found defendant's theory unbelievable. Hence, we perceive no prejudice in the trial court's refusal to instruct on fourth-degree CSC. People v Medrano, 101 Mich. App. 577; 300 N.W.2d 636 (1980), People v Trout, 95 Mich. App. 163; 290 N.W.2d 109 (1980), People v Herbert Ross, 73 Mich. App. 588; 252 N.W.2d 526 (1977).
This factor distinguishes the present case from the factual situation in People v Richardson, 409 Mich. 126; 293 N.W.2d 332 (1980).
The next claim of error is that the trial court improperly allowed evidence of defendant's prior convictions for impeachment purposes. We agree with defendant that the trial court erred when it exercised is discretion in an upside down fashion by admitting evidence of the prior convictions because of the similarity of the prior convictions to the charged offense. People v Baldwin, 405 Mich. 550, 553; 275 N.W.2d 253 (1979), People v Bates, 94 Mich. App. 568, 574; 288 N.W.2d 655 (1980).
Having determined that the trial court's action was error, we still must decide whether the error was harmless. This precise issue was dealt with in Bates, supra, 575, which held:
"What useful purpose is served in remanding for a new trial at which the court would determine whether evidence of the prior conviction is admissible for impeachment if, as we have already held, evidence of the prior conviction is admissible as part of the case in chief under the similar acts statute? We see none."
As already noted in this opinion, evidence of defendant's prior criminal activity was properly admitted in the case in chief under the similar acts doctrine set forth in Major, supra. As such, any error in the admission of evidence of these convictions for impeachment purposes was harmless. People v Renno, 392 Mich. 45, 56; 219 N.W.2d 422 (1974).
Defendant's last two claims of error concern his sentencing. First, defendant claims that the sentencing court erred in failing to respond to his counsel's objection to an item included in the presentence report. Defendant's claim of error is well taken. Defense counsel's objection was specific and unequivocal. The objection stated that the item indicating defendant had homosexual tendencies was inaccurate.
"In People v McIntosh, 62 Mich. App. 422; 234 N.W.2d 157 (1975), this Court found error where the trial judge relinquished his discretion by failing to respond in any way to the defendant's contention that the presentence report contained inaccurate or improper information. The Court held that, although the judge was not required to hold an evidentiary hearing, he could utilize other methods to deal with the situation, such as ascertaining that the disputed material is not relevant to his decision. See also People v Horace Williams, 77 Mich. App. 402; 258 N.W.2d 737 (1977)." People v Perez, 94 Mich. App. 759, 760-761; 289 N.W.2d 857 (1980).
In the absence of the sentencing court's response to counsel's objection, it is impossible to determine whether the sentence imposed was based in part upon the claimed inaccuracy. Therefore, we must remand to the circuit court for proceedings not inconsistent with those set forth in Perez, supra. Additionally, both the prosecution and defendant agree that defendant is entitled to seven additional days jail time credit. The circuit court should correct this deficiency on remand.
Defendant's conviction is affirmed and defendant's sentence is remanded to the circuit court for proceedings not inconsistent with Perez, supra.
Judge KELLY disagrees that fourth-degree CSC is a factually included offense of first-degree CSC in this case. He also finds the trial court's response to counsel's objection to the presentence report harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.