Summary
In People v Hurst, 155 Mich. App. 573; 400 N.W.2d 685 (1986), this Court, in considering a departure from the sentencing guidelines, expressed its frustration in attempting to review sentences with different parole consequences, especially when compounded by suggestions that the Department of Corrections considers defendants for parole after ten years despite People v Johnson, supra. Pending a response to Hurst from the Department of Corrections, we will abide by this Court's holdings that a term of years is not harsher than a life sentence.
Summary of this case from People v. CrawfordOpinion
Docket No. 84939.
Decided October 21, 1986.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Deputy Chief, Civil and Appeals, and Denise Green, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Gerald S. Surowiec, for defendant.
Following a bench trial, defendant was convicted of two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(e); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(e). He was sentenced to two concurrent prison terms of from forty to eighty years and now appeals from both his convictions and sentences as of right. We affirm his convictions but remand for further sentencing proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Defendant was charged with the commission of criminal sexual conduct involving penetration and the use of a weapon:
A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree if he or she engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exists:
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(e) The actor is armed with a weapon or any article used or fashioned in a manner to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a weapon. [MCL 750.520b(1)(e); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(e).]
Defendant first argues that there was insufficient evidence to show that he was armed with a weapon or any article used or fashioned in a manner to lead the victim to reasonably believe there was a weapon. We disagree.
Complainant admitted that she never actually saw a gun. However, she believed her assailant had a gun because he shoved what "felt like a heavy metal-like object" into her side and asked her if she wanted to die. After the defendant was arrested, the police recovered a yellow-handled ratchet adapter near a pile of defendant's clothes in the area of the house where the assault took place. Based on the complainant's testimony, we believe that a rational trier of fact could conclude that the complainant reasonably believed that defendant was armed with a weapon when he forced her to submit to sexual penetration. See People v Hampton, 407 Mich. 354, 368; 285 N.W.2d 284 (1979), reh den 407 Mich. 1164 (1980), cert den 449 U.S. 885; 101 S Ct 239; 66 L Ed 2d 110 (1980), and People v Petrella, 424 Mich. 221; 380 N.W.2d 11 (1985). Defendant's convictions are therefore affirmed.
Defendant also argues that the trial court abused its sentencing discretion in departing from the ten-to-twenty-year minimum sentence range recommended under the sentencing guidelines. We are not persuaded that a minimum sentence which is twice the highest guidelines' recommended minimum sentence automatically constitutes an abuse of sentencing discretion. However, this case points out some of the problems that appellate judges face in fathoming the consequences of the sentences they are reviewing and we are thus reluctant to simply affirm the sentences here imposed. Uniformity is not the goal of sentence review but we must ask ourselves if all levels of disparity are acceptable.
Defendant was convicted of offenses which carry maximum sentences of life imprisonment. In People v Crawford, 144 Mich. App. 86; 372 N.W.2d 688 (1985), defendant was convicted of the same offense and sentenced to a term of imprisonment of from 80 to 120 years. In upholding that sentence as not excessive, the panel in Crawford commented upon life and indeterminate sentences in the context of sentence review:
From a defendant's standpoint in viewing length of time to be served, there is no sentence more severe than a life sentence. A sentence of 80 to 120 years is almost certain to be longer than a defendant's life. Consequently, the purpose of a 80- to 120-year sentence seemingly has to be to recognize the heinous nature of defendant's crime and to tell the public that such conduct will not be tolerated. [ 144 Mich. App. 89 -90.]
We agree that in some cases a life term will prove a harsher sentence than a term of years. The dropoff is far from clear; what is apparent may not prove true. Although we do not wish to take a stand on whether People v Crawford was correctly decided, we suggest that from the perspective of James Crawford and contrary to the view expressed by this Court, a life sentence in that case would have been much less severe than the sentence imposed.
Michigan's "lifer law" allows any prison inmate under a sentence of life or for a term of years, other than those who have been convicted of first-degree murder or of a major controlled substance offense, to be considered for parole after serving ten calendar years of his or her sentence. MCL 791.234(4); MSA 28.2304(4). In 1978, the electorate approved "Proposal B," now codified at MCL 791.233b; MSA 28.2303(3), which modified the lifer law. Inmates serving indeterminate sentences for any one of more than eighty crimes enumerated in the statute are no longer eligible for parole until the minimum term is served less any time earned in disciplinary credits under MCL 800.33; MSA 28.1403. In People v Johnson, 421 Mich. 494; 364 N.W.2d 654 (1984), the Supreme Court expressly ruled that Proposal B does not apply to life sentences. Thus, if inmates James Crawford and Charles Hurst had received life sentences, they would each have been eligible for parole consideration after serving only the first ten years of their sentences. Under the sentences actually imposed, Crawford abides eighty years and Hurst forty years, minus whatever time they earn in disciplinary credits, before their names appear on a list of candidates for parole consideration.
As originally approved and codified, Proposal B required that the full minimum term be served undiminished by reductions for "good time, special good time, or special parole." In 1982, the statute was amended so as to allow for minimum sentence reductions according to disciplinary credits earned.
To repeat, the actual minimum term which must be served under Proposal B may now be reduced by time earned in disciplinary credits. The amount by which a sentence may be reduced under MCL 800.33; MSA 28.1403 can be significant, further complicating the attempt to precisely calculate the sentences we are reviewing. Moreover, Proposal B inmates may also benefit from early releases under the Prison Overcrowding Emergency Powers Act, MCL 800.71 et seq.; MSA 28.1437 (1) et seq., although we have expressly held that sentencing courts may not consider this possibility as a factor in determining individual sentences. See People v Humble, 146 Mich. App. 198; 379 N.W.2d 422 (1985), People v Lundy, 145 Mich. App. 847; 378 N.W.2d 622 (1985), and People v Fleming, 142 Mich. App. 119, 125; 369 N.W.2d 499 (1985).
The statute provides a scheme whereby the longer the sentence to be served, the more days per month may be earned in good time:
(2) Except as provided in subsections (3), (4), and (5), a convict who does not have an infraction of the rules of the prison or a violation of the laws of this state recorded against him shall receive a reduction from his sentence as follows:
(a) During the first and second years of his sentence, 5 days for each month.
(b) During the third and fourth years, 6 days for each month.
(c) During the fifth and sixth years, 7 days for each month.
(d) During the seventh, eighth, and ninth years, 9 days for each month.
(e) During the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth years, 10 days for each month.
(f) During the fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth years, 12 days for each month.
(g) From and including the twentieth year, up to and including the period fixed for the expiration of the sentence, 15 days for each month. [MCL 800.33; MSA 28.1403.]
Remarking on this confusion and uncertainty is an article published in the Detroit Free Press on June 23, 1985, section B, page 5, which suggests that statutes and case law are not strictly adhered to by the Department of Corrections which follows a different star. Apparently, an inmate, who has been convicted of Proposal B offenses and sentenced to a minimum and maximum term of years, is nevertheless considered by the Department of Corrections for parole after serving only ten years of the actual minimum sentence, unless that inmate has been convicted of first-degree murder or a major controlled substance offense. This, if true, conflicts with the codification of Proposal B and the Supreme Court's opinion in People v Johnson, supra.
Against this backdrop, we find ourselves having to decide whether Hurst's sentences of from forty to eighty years are excessive. If defendant's forty-year minimum sentences mean that he will perforce spend the next forty years of his life behind bars, then our consciences are shocked. If a long termer must serve forty or eighty calendar years while his lifer counterpart, eligible for parole consideration in ten years, serves considerably less, then what is endangered is the entire predicate for the sentencing guidelines' endeavor to narrow the disparity among sentences.
We are indecisive about whether to affirm defendant's sentences because of the uncertainty about what they precisely entail. We agree, however, with the observation made in People v Fleming, supra, p 126, that the courts of this state "should be mindful of the ultimate effect" of any sentence fashioned and, we would add, reviewed. For the lack of an alternative remedy, we vacate defendant's sentences and remand this case to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing and resentencing. At the hearing on remand, the prosecutor and the Probation Department shall produce evidence as to the practices and policies of the Department of Corrections regarding parole eligibility. In particular, we want to know whether the Department of Corrections allows defendants who have been convicted of Proposal B offenses and sentenced to terms of years to be considered for parole after serving the first ten years of their sentences. Further inquiry should be made as to whether there are any other differences accorded inmates who have been sentenced to life on a Proposal B offense as opposed to inmates who have been sentenced to lengthy terms of years on a Proposal B offense. It's time we had a record to review of how the Department of Corrections actually implements a sentence order, so that our review of those sentences will have some meaning.
The Attorney General is responsible for the supervision of all prosecutors in this state. MCL 14.30; MSA 3.183, In re Watson, 293 Mich. 263; 291 N.W. 652 (1940), and People v Karalla, 35 Mich. App. 541; 192 N.W.2d 676 (1971), lv den 386 Mich. 765 (1971). We therefore direct the Attorney General to assist the Wayne County Prosecutor at the hearing on remand in whatever way necessary to facilitate the production of information relevant to the sentencing issues. We further invite the Attorney General to appear in this action as amicus curiae for the Department of Corrections.
Following the hearing on remand, the trial court shall resentence the defendant and articulate on the record its reasons for choosing the sentences imposed. Hearing on remand shall be commenced within sixty days and concluded with dispatch.
The trial court described the guidelines for this crime as "woefully inadequate." He also took a broadside at the guidelines:
Why they're there is, I suppose, for others to explain. I mean that in the sense that apparently either someone doesn't have enough faith in the judges of this state in terms of their sentences, or whether they want all of us to just in effect march in a like step.
We answer the trial court's rhetorical question this way. We have far more confidence in the trial judge's fashioning a proper sentence than in our own ability to review it. However, we are irrevocably committed to the proposition that judges make mistakes. Not only Appeals Court Judges — all judges. If we are properly committed to reduce or minimize sentence disparity, and we think we are, then we have to insist that the trial judge provide a reasonably specific explanation as to how the guidelines are inadequate or why the sentence in a particular case should not reflect the sentencing practices of the state's trial judges. It appears to us that this is such a case.
Defendant's convictions are affirmed and the case is remanded for further sentencing proceedings as described herein. We retain jurisdiction.