Opinion
Docket Nos. 10443, 10444.
Decided August 24, 1971. Leave to appeal denied, 386 Mich. 765.
Appeal from Macomb, Norman A. Baguley, J. Submitted Division 2 June 6, 1971, at Lansing. (Docket Nos. 10443, 10444.) Decided August 24, 1971. Leave to appeal denied, 386 Mich. 765.
James J. Karalla and Clarence Stephan were convicted of conspiracy to commit extortion. Defendants appeal. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Robert C. Goussy and John A. Wilson, Assistant Attorneys General, for the people.
Towner, Rosin York and Neil H. Fink, for defendants on appeal.
After a jury trial the defendants were convicted of conspiracy to commit extortion, MCLA § 750.157a (Stat Ann 1971 Cum Supp § 28.354 [1]) and MCLA § 750.213 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.410). They appeal, raising five issues.
Defendants' first two issues revolve around the fact that the entire prosecution was handled by the office of the Attorney General and the Macomb Prosecuting Attorney took no part in the prosecution. Defendants argue that the Attorney General has no authority to initiate a prosecution or to authorize a warrant.
Defendants claim the Attorney General lacks the power to initiate a prosecution because by statute, MCLA § 49.153 (Stat Ann 1961 Rev § 5.751), that power is conferred on the prosecuting attorney, and further that by statute, MCLA § 14.28 (Stat Ann 1969 Rev § 3.181), the Attorney General is given only the power to intervene in proceedings. In essence this is the same argument that was made in In re Lewis' Estate (1938), 287 Mich. 179, 183, 184 where the Court stated:
"The contention that the terms of the statute, authorizing the prosecuting attorney to institute proceedings for reimbursement of the State, excludes action by the attorney general, is without merit.
"The act does not carry any such exclusion and, if anything is to be read into it on that subject it is 1 Comp Laws 1929, § 176 (Stat Ann § 3.181), and 1 Comp Laws 1929, § 187 (Stat Ann § 3.211), which permit the attorney general to intervene at any stage of proceedings, `when in his own judgment the interests of the State require it.'
"While a distinction may be drawn between intervening in a proceeding and instituting a suit there is merger of purpose, by reason of public policy, when the interests of the State call for action by its chief law officer and there is no express legislative restriction to the contrary.
"In Mundy v. McDonald, 216 Mich. 444, 450 (20 ALR 398), we said of the office of attorney general:
"`We must recognize the fact that the office of attorney general is ancient in its origin and history, and it is generally held by the States of the Union that the attorney general has a wide range of powers at common law. These are in addition to his statutory powers.'
"The act under consideration in authorizing the prosecuting attorney to petition the probate court does not in terms, implication or public purpose, exclude or curtail like action by the attorney general."
Defendants' contention that the Attorney General may not authorize a warrant is based on MCLA § 764.1 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.860) which requires that the issuance of an arrest warrant be authorized by the prosecuting attorney. This contention is also without merit.
On the basis of In re Lewis' Estate, supra, and other authority, see In re Watson (1940), 293 Mich. 263, People v. Rich (1927), 237 Mich. 481, we conclude that the Attorney General possesses all the powers of a prosecuting attorney unless that power has been specifically withdrawn by the Legislature. This, the Legislature has not done.
Defendants' last three issues relate to the trial court's admitting certain sound recordings into evidence, and in allowing the jury to make use of a typewritten transcript of a recording. The recordings were of two types. Several were recordings of telephone conversations, and one was a recording of a face-to-face conversation. The complaining witness was a party to all of the conversations. Some of the conversations were with Karalla and some with Stephan. The complaining witness gave the police his permission to make the recordings although defendants were unaware that the recordings were being made. The defendants contend that the admission of the tapes was a violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, relying on Katz v. United States (1967), 389 U.S. 347 ( 88 S Ct 507, 19 L Ed 2d 576).
This Court has held that when a recording is made with the consent of one party to the conversation the admission of the recording does not violate the defendant's constitutional rights. People v. Bruno (1971), 30 Mich. App. 375. The most recent pronouncement of the United States Supreme Court on this subject is United States v. White (1971), 401 U.S. 745 ( 91 S Ct 1122, 28 L Ed 2d 453) where a majority of the justices gave their approval to the admission of a recording when one party to the conversation has given his consent to the recording. Thus, it was not error to admit the recordings under the facts of this case.
The defendants contend that it was improper to admit the recordings because they were partially unintelligible. The rule governing the admission of partially defective recordings was stated in Addison v. United States (CA5, 1963), 317 F.2d 808, 815:
"There is no merit on the ground of appeal criticizing the admission into evidence of a tape recording of a conversation or speech made by Addison. It was a tape recording which was made by one of the invited guests by the use of a small radio which was tuned in with a receiving instrument that made a mechanical transcription of the speech. Appellants do not dispute the general proposition that such a tape recording is admissible in evidence. Their principal objection is that approximately one-half of the tape was defective and the speech or conversation recorded there was not available for the trial. We agree with what was said by the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in United States v. Schanerman [CA3, 1945], 150 F.2d 941, 944, `There would be no more valid reason for exclusion of the mechanically recorded conversations than there would be for excluding competent conversations, overheard in part, by human witnesses.' See also Monroe v. United States, 98 US App DC 228 ( 234 F.2d 49) where at page 55 the Court said, `Unless the unintelligible portions are so substantial as to render the recording as a whole untrustworthy the recording is admissible, and the decision should be left to the sound discretion of the trial judge.' Here there was ample basis for the trial court's finding that the part that was reproduced was an accurate reproduction of the conversation it purported to reproduce."
In this case the trial judge listened to the recordings and determined that, except for a few words, it was intelligible and that it was not misleading. Our review of the record convinces us that this ruling was correct.
The defendants' final contention is that it was error to allow the jury to make use of a transcript of a recording. The use of transcripts has been compared to the use of photographs, drawings, maps, or mechanical models. People v. Feld (1953), 305 N.Y. 322 ( 113 N.E.2d 440). The weight of authority allows the use of transcripts. See Anno: Admissibility of Sound Recordings in Evidence, 58 ALR2d 1024. We agree and conclude it was not error to allow the jury to make use of the transcript.
The case of People v. Dugan (1970), 29 Mich. App. 76 has been called to our attention. However, we do not believe that Dugan is inconsistent with our holding in this case. In Dugan a recording which was of highly unsatisfactory quality was played to the jury. The "transcript" was a typewritten statement prepared from some handwritten notes that were only intended as a summary of the conversation.
In this case except for a few words the recording is easily understandable. The transcript was prepared directly from the recording. The trial court made a very thorough comparison of the recording and the transcript before he allowed the jury to see the transcript. The transcript does not attempt to reproduce those portions of the recording that were not clearly audible. The errors present in Dugan are not present here.
Affirmed.
All concurred.