Opinion
Docket No. 15588.
Decided November 29, 1973. Opinion on rehearing filed May 29, 1974.
Appeal from Muskegon, Charles A. Larnard, J. Submitted Division 3 October 3, 1973, at Grand Rapids. (Docket No. 15588.) Decided November 29, 1973. Opinion on rehearing filed May 29, 1974.
Bruce Habel was convicted of illegally delivering heroin. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded, 50 Mich. App. 630 (1973). On rehearing, original opinion modified on the issue of entrapment.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Richard J. Pasarela, Prosecuting Attorney (Prosecuting Attorneys Appellate Service, Howard C. Marderosian, Acting Director, of counsel), for the people.
Balgooyen, Daniels Balgooyen, P.C., for defendant.
ON REHEARING
This case is on rehearing by our grant thereof. The facts and original decisional holding are to be found at 50 Mich. App. 630; 213 N.W.2d 822 (1973).
The prosecuting attorney takes exception to the following language in the original opinion:
"Finally, we must note that while the learned trial judge used the `pre-disposition' test for entrapment under United States v Richard Russell, 411 U.S. 423; 93 S Ct 1637; 36 L Ed 2d 366 (1973), the defendant will be entitled on remand to an instruction defining the `objective' test, as recently approved in People v Turner, 390 Mich. 7; 210 N.W.2d 336 (1973)."
The prosecuting attorney asserts that this language would erroneously submit the issue of entrapment to the jury. He supports his argument with the following language by Justice Potter Stewart in Russell, supra:
"Phrased another way, the question is whether — regardless of the predisposition to crime of the particular defendant involved — the governmental agents have acted in such a way as is likely to instigate or create a criminal offense. Under this approach, the determination of the lawfulness of the Government's conduct must be made — as it is on all questions involving the legality of law enforcement methods — by the trial judge, not the jury." 411 US at 441; 93 S Ct at 1647; 36 L Ed 2d at 379.
Although our Supreme Court in Turner, supra, was persuaded by the dissenting opinion of Justice Stewart in adopting the objective theory of entrapment, it did not provide an answer to the procedural question of whether the judge or jury determines entrapment. A reading of the decisions in Sorrells v United States, 287 U.S. 435; 53 S Ct 210; 77 L Ed 413 (1932), Sherman v United States, 356 U.S. 369; 78 S Ct 819; 2 L Ed 2d 848 (1958), and Russell, supra, reveals a split of opinion regarding the judge-jury problem.
The Supreme Court of Michigan has determined that the courts of this state are to be bound by the test of entrapment set forth in a dissenting opinion of the United States Supreme Court. The only logical conclusion to which this panel can come is that our Supreme Court must have intended that the language of Justice Stewart, above quoted, should also prevail on the issue of the judge-jury matter.
We, therefore, direct that upon the occasion of the new trial previously ordered in this cause for other reasons it shall be the province of the trial judge to determine the legality of law enforcement methods used to obtain an arrest.
We affirm our prior opinion except as to the issue of entrapment, discussed herein.
O'HARA, J., concurred.
This writer concurs in the result reached by my Brothers in this case on rehearing. The reason this concurring opinion is written is to reiterate that this writer is still of the opinion that People v Turner, 390 Mich. 7; 210 N.W.2d 336 (1973), is not retroactive, but is prospective only. People v Gaines, 53 Mich. App. 443; 220 N.W.2d 76 (1974).