Opinion
Docket No. 22481.
Decided October 14, 1975.
Appeal from Shiawassee, James M. Teahen, Jr., J. Submitted June 3, 1975, at Lansing. (Docket No. 22481.) Decided October 14, 1975.
James M. Cushman was convicted of delivery of heroin. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Gerald D. Lostracco, Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Gerald M. Stevens, for defendant.
Before: BASHARA, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and M.F. CAVANAGH, JJ.
The defendant was found guilty by a jury in Shiawassee County Circuit Court of the offense of delivery of a controlled substance; namely, heroin. MCLA 335.341(1)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(1)(a). On appeal the defendant raises several issues, only one of which merits discussion.
Defendant asserts that certain comments by the trial judge were prejudicial and that the court also erred in denying the defendant's request for a continuance. The former issue is without merit since our examination of the record reveals that the comments were not objected to and, in any event, cannot be construed as having denied the defendant a fair and impartial trial. People v Roby, 38 Mich. App. 387; 196 N.W.2d 346 (1972). Because of our disposition of the entrapment issue, it is unnecessary to consider the continuance question since it is not likely to recur on retrial.
The theory which the defendant sought to present at trial was that he was entrapped into the sale of the heroin to undercover agents. According to the defense theory, the defendant's cousin, while working secretly as a police agent, induced him into selling a small amount of heroin to a third person who was supposedly very sick because of his addiction. The prosecution presented evidence that the defendant's cousin was not an agent of the police and that no representation of the buyer being sick was ever made to the defendant.
The trial court submitted the entrapment issue to the jury and instructed them, in pertinent part:
"I further instruct you that it is the law of this State that an undercover agent's mere offer to purchase drugs does not constitute entrapment. If you find that through some inducement the police officer prompted the Defendant to engage in an unlawful act with regard to heroin, which he would not have otherwise performed, then you must find him not guilty because of entrapment. You are instructed that the prevention of crime is a proper function of law, of enforcement officers, but the manufacture of a crime is not part of that function.
"In considering the evidence in this case, you must first decide whether the prosecution has established beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant sold or transferred heroin, as charged in the Information. If you find beyond a reasonable doubt that he sold or transferred the heroin, you must then consider all of the evidence and determine whether he had been induced to do so by reason of having been lured or enticed by the police officers. If you find that what he did was the result of the inducement, enticement or luring, except as I have read to you before, and I read it to you again, where the activity goes beyond the mere offer of such an opportunity, and when their conduct is of a kind that could induce or instigate the commission of a crime by one not ready and willing to commit it, the burden to overcome the presumption of innocence, as I have stated to you before, rests upon the government."
The defendant did not object to this instruction.
In People v Turner, 390 Mich. 7; 210 N.W.2d 336 (1973), the Michigan Supreme Court adopted the "objective" test of entrapment. The Court relied heavily upon the dissenting opinion of Justice Stewart in United States v Russell, 411 U.S. 423; 93 S Ct 1637; 36 L Ed 2d 366 (1973). Both opinions placed the determination of entrapment upon the evaluation of whether repugnant methods were used by the police rather than the defendant's predisposition to commit the offense. 390 Mich. 7, 19-21.
No issue of retroactivity is raised by this case. The trial was held ten months after People v Turner, 390 Mich. 7; 210 N.W.2d 336 (1973), and six weeks after People v Habel, 53 Mich. App. 399; 220 N.W.2d 74 (1974). See People v Auer, 393 Mich. 667; 227 N.W.2d 528 (1975).
Justice Stewart also discussed the issue which is presently before this Court:
"Phrased another way, the question is whether — regardless of the predisposition to crime of the particular defendant involved — the governmental agents have acted in such a way as is likely to instigate or create a criminal offense. Under this approach, the determination of the lawfulness of the Government's conduct must be made — as it is on all questions involving the legality of law enforcement methods — by the trial judge, not the jury." 411 U.S. 423, 441.
The Michigan Supreme Court in Turner, however, did not comment upon whether the objective determination of entrapment is one for the trial judge or the jury. Turner, however, did rely upon Justice Roberts' concurring opinion in Sorrells v United States, 287 U.S. 435; 53 S Ct 210; 77 L Ed 413 (1932), and Justice Frankfurter's concurring opinion in Sherman v United States, 356 U.S. 369; 78 S Ct 819; 2 L Ed 2d 848 (1958). Both of these eminent jurists concluded that the issue of entrapment is one for the trial judge.
Justice Frankfurter explained and added to the rationale of Justice Roberts as to why the entrapment determination cannot be made by a jury:
"As Mr. Justice Roberts convincingly urged in the Sorrells case, such a judgment, aimed at blocking off areas of impermissible police conduct, is appropriate for the court and not the jury. `The protection of its own functions and the preservation of the purity of its own temple belongs only to the court. It is the province of the court and of the court alone to protect itself and the government from such prostitution of the criminal law. The violation of the principles of justice by the entrapment of the unwary into crime should be dealt with by the court no matter by whom or at what stage of the proceedings the facts are brought to its attention.' 287 US at 457 [ 53 S Ct at 218; 77 L Ed at 425] (separate opinion). Equally important is the consideration that a jury verdict, although it may settle the issue of entrapment in the particular case, cannot give significant guidance for official conduct for the future. Only the court, through the gradual evolution of explicit standards in accumulated precedents, can do this with the degree of certainty that the wise administration of criminal justice demands." 356 U.S. 369, 385.
We think that these rationales are persuasive that in this jurisdiction the defense of entrapment is one which must be decided by the trial court, not the jury. Recent opinions by this Court are harmonious on this point. See People v Zeegers, 61 Mich. App. 546; 233 N.W.2d 76 (1975), and People v Habel (On Rehearing), 53 Mich. App. 399; 220 N.W.2d 74 (1974).
The purpose of not imposing criminal liability where the defendant has been entrapped into committing an offense is to deter improper police conduct. A general jury verdict of not guilty would not be instructive as to whether official conduct went beyond the boundaries of sound public policy. This evaluation, like that of confessions and other evidence alleged to have been obtained illegally, must be one for the courts in their supervisory role over the administration of criminal justice. See generally Chief Justice Traynor's dissent in People v Moran, 1 Cal.3d 755; 83 Cal.Rptr. 411; 463 P.2d 763 (1970).
Although neither party objected to the submission of the entrapment issue to the jury, this does not preclude our review of this issue. Further, while defense counsel in his brief on appeal made only an oblique reference to the issues discussed herein, the people's appellate brief speaks directly to them, and at the oral argument of this cause counsel for the people admitted that the trial court's actions were violative of both Turner and Habel but argued these errors were harmless. A trial court is bound to follow the law notwithstanding the fact that the parties are negligent in not calling it to the court's attention. People v Glover, 47 Mich. App. 454, 458; 209 N.W.2d 533 (1973).
Because entrapment is not a jury issue, instructional content will, of course, not pose a problem for trial courts. It is important, however, for the court to utilize the proper standards in deciding whether the police entrapped the defendant. The standards evidenced by the jury instructions given in this case are not consonant with Turner's objective test. The character or propensities of a particular defendant are totally irrelevant to the entrapment determination. The court's attention should be focused on the conduct of the police and whether that conduct has in a reprehensible manner instigated the commission of a crime by one not ready and willing to commit it — regardless of the propensities of the particular person induced. 390 Mich. 7, 21. See People v Henley, 54 Mich. App. 463; 221 N.W.2d 218 (1974).
In urging this Court to adopt their respective versions of what occurred between the defendant and police, both parties have misconceived the role of an appellate court in reviewing the rejection of an entrapment defense. Where the viability of the defense depends entirely upon the resolution of a factual dispute, it is the role of the trial court to ascertain those facts and appraise their effect upon the administration of criminal justice. Sorrells v United States, 287 U.S. 435, 455 (Roberts, J., concurring).
The defendant's conviction is reversed and the case is remanded for a new trial.
BASHARA, P.J., concurred.
I dissent for the reason that our panel is deciding the merits of the case on an issue not raised on appeal nor briefed by the parties. The trial court has not had an opportunity to pass upon the issue and I would, therefore, remand this cause to the trial court treating the appeal as a delayed motion for new trial.