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In People v Bruce Ramsey, 89 Mich. App. 468, 474; 280 N.W.2d 565 (1979), it is stated: "[T]he evidence in a nonjury case is subject to a more rigorous review than that in a jury case", citing Schneider v Pomerville, 348 Mich. 49, 54-55; 81 N.W.2d 405-408 (1957).
Summary of this case from Kircos v. Lola Cars Ltd.Opinion
Docket No. 77-3680.
Decided April 16, 1979. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward R. Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Timothy A. Baughman, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Frederick W. Lauck (Daniel J. Henry, Jr., of counsel), for defendant on appeal.
Before: ALLEN, P.J., and R.B. BURNS and N.J. KAUFMAN, JJ.
Defendant was charged with the first-degree murder of his wife. MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548. Defendant presented an insanity defense at his bench trial. The trial court found him guilty of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, but mentally ill, MCL 768.36; MSA 28.1059. Defendant appeals.
Evidence presented at trial indicates that defendant stabbed his wife to death, and then attempted suicide by stabbing himself three times. From defendant's testimony and corroborating evidence it could be inferred that defendant believed his wife was possessed by a demon and that, when he stabbed her, he believed that she was already dead, and that he was attempting to cut the demon out and restore her to life. A psychiatrist who testified for the defense concluded that defendant was suffering from acute schizophrenia at the time of the incident and had been insane. Two psychiatrists, called by the prosecution in rebuttal, expressed contrary opinions.
The primary thrust of defendant's argument on appeal is factual: that the trial court erred in finding defendant sane at the time of the homicide. The argument rests in part on several erroneous arguments concerning the law, raised in related issues. Thus, we will first discuss the related issues before reaching the primary issue on appeal.
Defendant argues that he was prejudiced in the presentation of his defense by the trial court's failure to grant his pretrial motion to dismiss the charge of first-degree murder because the trial court was inclined thereby to reach a compromise verdict. Defendant relies upon the preliminary examination and trial transcripts to argue that the evidence of mental illness was compelling and asserts that a person who is mentally ill is incapable of "wilful, deliberate and premeditated killing". MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548.
The issue of whether there was sufficient evidence to hold defendant for trial for first-degree murder was one addressed to the magistrate's discretion and is reviewable only for abuse of discretion. People v Karcher, 322 Mich. 158, 162-163; 33 N.W.2d 744, 746 (1948). Review is limited to the preliminary examination transcript; testimony taken at trial cannot be considered. People v Charles D Walker, 385 Mich. 565, 572; 189 N.W.2d 234, 237 (1971). While there was evidence presented at the preliminary examination from which it could be inferred that defendant was mentally ill at the time of the offense, there was also evidence from which it could be inferred that the killing was willful, deliberate and premeditated. It does not necessarily follow that a person with a "substantial disorder of thought or mood which significantly impairs judgment, behavior, capacity to recognize reality, or ability to cope with the ordinary demands of life", MCL 330.1400(a); MSA 14.800(400a), is incapable of deliberation and premeditation. We find no abuse of discretion.
Defendant argues that he should have been acquitted of second-degree murder because the trial court found that he was mentally ill at the time of the offense. The incorrect premise underlying this argument is that one who is mentally ill is incapable of forming the mens rea of murder. Mental illness and malice aforethought are not mutually exclusive mental conditions. While mental illness may factually negate a finding of malice aforethought in a particular case, see People v Lynch, 47 Mich. App. 8; 208 N.W.2d 656 (1973), it does not follow as a matter of law that a finding of mental illness necessitates a finding of not guilty of murder.
Defendant contends that MCL 768.36; MSA 28.1059, creating the "guilty but mentally ill" verdict, is unconstitutional. First, defendant argues that the definitions of mental illness, MCL 330.1400(a); MSA 14.800(400a), and insanity, MCL 768.21a; MSA 28.1044(1), are so vague and overlapping as to confer upon the trier of fact unstructured and unlimited discretion to determine whether an offense has been committed. See People v Howell, 396 Mich. 16, 20; 238 N.W.2d 148, 149 (1976). A reading of the statutes refutes defendant's argument. Second, defendant argues that the evaluation and treatment provisions of the statute are illusory. This Court has previously held that such an argument is premature. People v McLeod, 77 Mich. App. 327; 258 N.W.2d 214 (1977), lv granted, 402 Mich. 927 (1978). It would be inappropriate for this Court to possibly confuse the law by re-examining the correctness of the holding in McLeod where the issue is pending in the Supreme Court. We therefore do not reach the merits of the issue raised by defendant.
In an extensive review of the facts presented at trial, defendant argues primarily regarding the insanity issue that the trial court's findings of fact were clearly erroneous. GCR 1963, 517.1. Defendant also raises a collateral issue, arguing that the trial court's findings of fact are inadequate to aid review. GCR 1963, 517.1, People v Jackson, 390 Mich. 621, 627; 212 N.W.2d 918, 921 (1973). Plaintiff, equating the scope of review of bench trial findings of fact with jury verdicts, asserts that, because there was conflicting evidence on the sanity issue, the trial court's conclusion may not be disturbed. See, e.g., People v Palmer, 392 Mich. 370; 220 N.W.2d 393 (1974), People v Szymanski, 321 Mich. 248; 32 N.W.2d 451 (1948), but see, People v Beath, 277 Mich. 473, 482-483 ; 269 N.W. 238, 242 (1936). Additionally, plaintiff argues that the trial court's opinion indicates it was aware of the insanity-mental illness issue, resolved it, and a remand is not necessary to facilitate review. People v Jackson, supra. Thus, the parties raise two procedural issues which we must resolve prior to reaching the substantive issue of sufficiency of evidence: the scope of review, and the degree of specificity required of the trial court's findings of fact to aid review.
GCR 1963, 517.1 requires the trial court, in actions tried without a jury, to "find the facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon". Fact findings are sufficient if "the court makes brief, definite, and pertinent findings and conclusions upon the contested matters without over elaboration of detail or particularization of facts". In addition to requiring findings of fact, the court rule sets forth a standard of review of those facts:
"Findings of fact shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous. In the application of this principle regard shall be given to the special opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of those witnesses who appeared before it."
Construing the court rule in the civil context, the Supreme Court has held that a finding of fact is clearly erroneous "when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed". Tuttle v Dep't of State Highways, 397 Mich. 44, 46; 243 N.W.2d 244, 245 (1976). Under this standard of review, the evidence in a nonjury case is subjected to a more rigorour review than that in a jury case. Id., Schneider v Pomerville, 348 Mich. 49, 54-55; 81 N.W.2d 405, 408 (1957).
Under GCR 1963, 517.1, as construed in Tuttle, this Court could be required to reverse even where there is conflicting evidence, if left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Thus, the standard of review under GCR 1963, 517.1 is broader than that stated in People v Szymanski, supra, and advocated by plaintiff.
It is unclear whether the Supreme Court has held that the clear error standard of GCR 1963, 517.1 applies in criminal cases. In People v Thomas, 387 Mich. 368; 197 N.W.2d 51 (1972), the Supreme Court split over whether GCR 1963, 517.1 applied through GCR 1963, 785.1(1) to criminal cases. The primary focus of the plurality opinion taking the negative view was upon whether the fact finding portion of GCR 1963, 517.1 should apply to criminal cases, and there was no discussion of whether the scope of review in criminal cases ought to be expanded. However, the opinion did equate the scope of review in bench cases with jury cases, in discussing the lack of need for findings of fact. In People v Jackson, supra, the Court referred to People v Thomas, supra, stated that it was not binding under stare decisis, and held that in criminal cases, as well as civil cases, a judge who sits without a jury is obligated to articulate the reasons for his decision in findings of fact. The rationale for the holding was that findings of fact facilitate review by revealing the law applied by the fact finder.
It could be inferred that the Supreme Court in Jackson did not hold that the clear error standard of GCR 1963, 517.1 applies in criminal cases. The Court did not explicitly tie the fact finding requirement to the court rule. The court rule addresses two issues — fact finding, and review, while Jackson addresses only the issue of fact finding. The rationale advanced for the rule is narrow — to reveal the law applied, rather than to reveal whether the trial court's findings of fact are clearly erroneous.
Nonetheless, we believe Jackson held GCR 1963, 517.1 applies in entirety to criminal cases. The reference to Thomas indicates the Court was addressing the same issue presented in Thomas — whether GCR 1963, 517.1 applies through GCR 1963, 785.1(1) to criminal cases. This Court has assumed that Jackson held that the court rule does apply in criminal cases. People v Brooks, 75 Mich. App. 448, 450; 254 N.W.2d 926, 927 (1977). Justice LEVIN, who authored the Jackson opinion, understood that to be the holding of Jackson, and has asserted that the clear error standard, as explained in Tuttle, applies in criminal cases. People v Garcia, 398 Mich. 250, 271; 247 N.W.2d 547, 556 (1976) (LEVIN, J., dissenting). The majority in Garcia did not contradict Justice LEVIN'S interpretation of his opinion in Jackson. The rationale for a more exacting standard of review in bench cases than in jury cases enunciated in the civil context, that a jury is more likely to be right than a judge alone, Schneider v Pomerville, supra, applies with equal force to criminal cases. Finally, it would be hard to justify a lesser standard of review in a case in which a person's liberty is at stake than in cases where only property is at stake.
The majority resolved the sufficiency of evidence issue through application of the maxim that deference should be given the trial court's assessment of credibility, a principle applicable to review under GCR 1963, 517.1. The standard of review stated by the majority opinion was a tautology — there was sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict if there was ample evidence to warrant a verdict of guilty. Garcia, supra, at 263; 247 N.W.2d at 552. It is unclear whether this tautology was intended as a statement of a lesser standard of review than that required by GCR 1963, 517.1.
Since GCR 1963, 517.1 applies to criminal cases, we have a duty to review for clearly erroneous findings of fact, despite the presence of conflicting evidence in this case. However, we find we are unable to make that review, due to inadequate findings of fact.
After concluding upon a review of the evidence that the prosecution failed to establish beyond reasonable doubt first-degree murder, the trial court stated:
"However, I do find the Defendant guilty of second degree murder and I find him guilty but mentally ill of that charge. I do not find him legally insane. I find, based upon the testimony of all three psychiatrists, that he may have had a number of problems and he may have been agitated but that he was not legally insane."
Findings of fact serve two purposes. First, they demonstrate how the trial court resolved credibility issues and conflicts in evidence. Unless the trial court elucidates what it found to have happened, we cannot give regard to the court's resolution of credibility issues, nor can we determine whether what the trial court found to be fact is clearly erroneous. GCR 1963, 517.1. Second, the findings of fact are necessary to reveal the law applied by the trial court. People v Jackson, supra.
The trial court's findings of fact do not suit either purpose. One might infer from the trial court's statement that the psychiatrists were in agreement as to defendant's mental state. They were not. Additionally, the validity of their various opinions necessarily turn upon a determination of accuracy of the facts relied upon in the formation of their opinions. This in turn depends upon an assessment of the credibility of the lay witnesses who testified as to defendant's mental state. The trial court's opinion is woefully inadequate to aid review. Besides insanity, defendant raises fact issues on appeal concerning proof of malice aforethought, diminished responsibility, and lack of concurrence between the mens rea and actus reas of the crime. The trial court's opinion does not address these issues. Finally, the trial court has not stated with sufficient clarity the law applied in this case.
Remanded for findings of fact. We retain jurisdiction.