Summary
In Bowers, the Court affirmed the defendant's sentence of 15 years to life based on the defendant's 50-year criminal history, 13 previous alcohol-related driving offenses, at least one of which occurred after his arrest on the current charge, and the fact that the defendant was involved in an accident.
Summary of this case from People v. TravisOpinion
February 24, 1994
Appeal from the County Court of Essex County (Feldstein, J.).
On this appeal, defendant contends that the verdict was not supported by legally sufficient evidence and was against the weight of the evidence. We find no merit in either contention. The People's evidence demonstrated that defendant was observed exiting the driver's door of his truck immediately after the accident. There were a number of items in the seat of the truck which would have prevented a person from occupying the passenger's seat. Defendant admitted he was driving. This evidence was sufficient for the jury to conclude that defendant was driving the truck when it crashed (see, People v. Charland, 194 A.D.2d 827).
The People also produced evidence from a State Trooper that defendant had bloodshot eyes, smelled of alcohol, lacked motion coordination and admitted he had been drinking. This evidence was sufficient to establish defendant's intoxication (see, People v Lizzio, 178 A.D.2d 741, lv denied 79 N.Y.2d 921). Defendant's explanation for his intoxicated appearance, which attempted to show that his appearance was not alcohol related, was obviously not accepted or credited by the jury. We find the verdict to be adequately supported by the evidence.
Based on his prior record and on his convictions, and after a hearing, defendant was sentenced as a persistent felony offender to concurrent prison terms of 15 years to life on each conviction. Defendant initially argues that a persistent felony determination cannot be founded on violations of the Vehicle and Traffic Law and must be confined to those felonies prescribed in the Penal Law. The persistent felony offender statute defines such an offender as "a person * * * who stands convicted of a felony after having previously been convicted of two or more felonies" (Penal Law § 70.10 [a]). Significantly, this statute draws no distinction based upon the particular law under which the felonies are defined. In contrast, Penal Law § 70.06, which deals with second felony offenders and which is the basis for defendant's argument, requires the felony of which defendant stands convicted to be defined under the Penal Law (see, People v. Morris, 86 A.D.2d 763). Nevertheless, even in the case of second offenders, there is no requirement that the predicate felony be prescribed by the Penal Law only (see, Penal Law § 70.06 [a]; People v. Butts, 127 A.D.2d 777; People v. Caruso, 125 A.D.2d 403). Under the clear wording of Penal Law § 70.10, which governs persistent felons, there is no indication that the Legislature restricted either the predicate felonies or the felony of which defendant stands presently convicted to those prescribed in the Penal Law. Defendant here qualifies as a persistent felon, as County Court determined.
Defendant further argues that his sentence, even if legal, is unduly harsh and excessive. We disagree. Defendant has an extensive criminal history extending back 50 years. County Court noted that defendant had 13 previous alcohol-related driving offenses and that others had occurred after his arrest on the current charges. County Court also observed a total inability on the part of defendant to refrain from operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated. In light of defendant's extraordinary history of alcohol-related offenses, County Court did not abuse its discretion in treating defendant as a persistent felony offender (see, e.g., People v. Early, 191 A.D.2d 807, 809). Further, we find defendant's claim that his sentence is cruel and unusual under the Federal constitution devoid of all merit (see, Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 111 S Ct 2680). Defendant was not deprived of the effective assistance of counsel (see, People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 146-147). The judgment of conviction should therefore be affirmed.
Cardona, P.J., Mercure, White and Weiss, JJ., concur. Ordered that the judgment is affirmed.