Summary
In People ex rel. Hubert v. Kaiser (206 N.Y. 46) the court said: "The summary remedy of a writ of habeas corpus, which is open to every person detained in custody, that the legality of his detention may be inquired into, cannot perform the functions of an appeal from the judgment of conviction.
Summary of this case from People ex Rel. Spiegel v. McCannOpinion
Argued June 10, 1912
Decided June 21, 1912
Mirabeau L. Towns for appellant.
Thomas Carmody, Attorney-General ( J.A. Kellogg of counsel), and Charles S. Whitman, District Attorney ( Charles F. Bostwick and Robert S. Johnstone of counsel), for respondents. Arthur S. Hogue, District Attorney ( Thomas H. O'Brien and John Willett of counsel), for respondents.
This is an appeal by the relator from an order of the Appellate Division, in the first department, which reversed a final order of the Special Term, sustaining a writ of habeas corpus and discharging the prisoner Brandt from custody under a judgment of the Court of General Sessions of the city and county of New York. The order of the Appellate Division dismissed the writ and remanded the prisoner to the custody of the warden of Clinton Prison under the judgment. The justices of the Appellate Division were unanimous in their decision and the opinion, which was delivered by that court, has, most thoroughly, covered the ground, upon which the relator rests his contention that the prisoner Brandt is illegally detained in custody. The question was a very simple one. It was whether the court, before which Brandt was arraigned, had jurisdiction to try him and to pronounce judgment against him for the offense, for which he was indicted. The statutory provisions regulating a proceeding under the writ of habeas corpus are, so far as material, that a person is not entitled to the writ "Where he has been committed, or is detained, by virtue of the final judgment, or decree, of a competent tribunal of civil or criminal jurisdiction." (Code of Civ. Pro. sec. 2016.) Section 2032 of the Code provides that "the court or judge must forthwith make a final order to remand the prisoner, if it appears that he is detained in custody for either of the following causes, and that the time, for which he may legally be so detained, has not expired. * * * 2. By virtue of the final judgment or decree of a competent tribunal, of civil or criminal jurisdiction." Section 2034 provides that "a court or judge, upon the return of a writ issued as prescribed in this article, shall not inquire into the legality or justice of any mandate, judgment, decree, or final order, specified in the last section but one, ( i.e., sec. 2032), except as therein stated."
The petition of the relator, as the "next friend" of Brandt, (made five years after the judgment), set forth the commitment upon an indictment charging the prisoner with the crime of burglary in the first degree and his plea of guilty; that the record disclosed that the crime was never committed, as charged, and that the prisoner did not plead guilty, but did state, in answer to the judge of the court, facts showing that he had not committed the crime. The return of the warden of the prison, where the prisoner was detained, showed that the prisoner was committed to one of the state prisons for a term of thirty years, pursuant to a judgment of conviction of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, of the city and county of New York; annexing a copy of the commitment. A traverse was made to the return by the relator and not by the prisoner, as the statute requires (Code Civ. Pro. sec. 2039); which, by various allegations, denied the validity of the commitment and the jurisdiction of the judge to sign the commitment, or to pronounce the judgment. Upon the matter coming on to be heard, the indictment, an extract from the clerk's minutes of the proceedings had in court thereon and a copy of the stenographer's minutes of the proceedings were read in evidence. The indictment charged Brandt, in three counts; with the crimes of burglary in the first degree, of grand larceny in the first degree and of criminally receiving stolen property. He appeared in court on March 25th, 1907, to plead to the indictment and entered a plea of "not guilty." On March 28th, 1907, he was arraigned in court and, by leave, withdrew his plea of not guilty and pleaded guilty of burglary in the first degree. He was then examined by the court, at some length, as to his nationality, his age and his acts in Mr. Schiff's house, where the crime was committed. An adjournment being had to April 4th, 1907, the prisoner was arraigned for sentence and judgment was entered committing him to the state prison, at hard labor, for the term of thirty years. There was no motion in arrest of judgment; nor was there an appeal. Upon the indictment was indorsed the appearance of C.A. Bayles, as counsel appearing for the prisoner. Carl Fischer Hansen, an attorney, appeared for him on April 4th, when arraigned in court for sentence, and argued for clemency. From an affidavit made by Hansen, it appears that he had been requested by the trial judge to ask Brandt if he understood the nature of the proceeding and that he, Brandt, said he did. It was not alleged by the relator that the court had not jurisdiction to try Brandt for the crime, with which he was charged, and to impose sentence upon conviction, or upon a plea of guilty. It was, therefore, clearly the duty of the judge at Special Term, upon the record, to dismiss the writ, upon which the prisoner was brought before him, when it was shown that he was held by virtue of the final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction.
An argument is, curiously, sought to be made that, although the prisoner pleaded guilty and although his plea was not withdrawn, the facts appearing upon his examination before sentence "indicated" that he was not guilty of the crime. But the only fact with which the court below was concerned was that of the jurisdiction, that is to say, the power, of the tribunal, before which Brandt was arraigned, to sentence him. It was not concerned with questions relating to the regularity of the proceedings, or to the sufficiency of the facts to establish his guilt, or to the severity of the sentence. The question was not about his guilt; it was about the authority to pronounce the judgment. The record produced showed that he had withdrawn his plea of not guilty and had pleaded guilty, and continued to stand at the bar of the court upon that plea. That was as effective, as if there had been a conviction by the verdict of a jury and, if not withdrawn, required the court to pronounce judgment. The statute provides for three pleas to be made to an indictment, to wit: guilty, not guilty, or a former judgment of conviction, or acquittal, and that a conviction may be had upon a plea of guilty, except where the crime charged is punishable by death. It provides that every plea must be oral and must be entered upon the minutes of the court. (Code Crim. Pro. secs. 332, 333.)
It is argued by the appellant that the facts, disclosed by Brandt's statements, made when arraigned, showed that the crime charged and confessed to was not made out. The trial judge, however, had the right to doubt the prisoner's statements of how he came to enter Schiff's house and of his intentions towards Schiff; by which statements he hoped to palliate his offense, after confessing to the indictment. Having received the plea of guilty, the further examination before sentence bore not upon the question of guilt, but upon the severity of the judgment to be rendered. Certainly, no application was made to withdraw his plea of guilty to the charge of burglary in the first degree and his counsel, simply, asked for clemency. If there was no breaking into the house, to constitute the crime, then was the time for the prisoner to change his plea.
The summary remedy of a writ of habeas corpus, which is open to every person detained in custody, that the legality of his detention may be inquired into, cannot perform the functions of an appeal from the judgment of conviction. The court, before which a prisoner is brought under the writ, will inquire into the question of jurisdiction and if it appears that the power existed to pronounce the judgment, the writ must be dismissed. In People ex rel. Danziger v. P.E. House of Mercy, ( 128 N.Y. 180), it was held that in habeas corpus proceedings the only inquiry is whether the magistrate "had authority to pronounce a judgment of imprisonment for the cause assigned" and that, "if this has been shown, the statute forbids the judge to review the decision of such magistrate." (Citing People ex rel. Tweed v. Liscomb, 60 N.Y. 559.) The general principles governing the inquiry, in such proceedings, into the question of jurisdiction are well settled and familiar. Quite recently, in People ex rel. Scharff v. Frost, ( 198 N.Y. 110), they were stated, pertinently, by Judge VANN; whose dissent in that case was not based on any disagreement with those principles. The defendant there had pleaded guilty to an indictment charging him with the crime of seduction under promise of marriage and subsequently, and before sentence, he married the woman. Section 285 of the Penal Code provides that such subsequent intermarriage of the parties is a bar to a prosecution and the dissent was based on the proposition that the right, or jurisdiction, of the court to proceed further and to pronounce any sentence was destroyed. The difference in opinion was over the right to relief by habeas corpus proceedings; which the prevailing opinion held inapplicable to the case. Judge VANN stated the principles, upon which this relief proceeded under the authorities. He stated that "the presumption in favor of jurisdiction, being one of fact, may be rebutted, although when jurisdiction depends on the existence of a certain fact and the court has found the fact, the fact stands until reversed upon direct review." "Want of jurisdiction," he says, "means want of legal power to act and," (quoting from People ex rel. Tweed v. Liscomb, 60 N.Y. at p. 571), "if there was no legal power to render the judgment, or decree, or issue the process, there was no competent court, and consequently no judgment, or process." In this case, it is not claimed that "legal power" was lacking in the tribunal to render the judgment against Brandt. The complaint of his "next friend," about the matter, is that his statements, upon examination before sentence was pronounced, were such as to negative his plea of guilty of burglary in the first degree and, for that reason, the court had lost jurisdiction to pronounce judgment of conviction thereof. There seems to be a misapprehension of the office of the writ of habeas corpus. As it was said in People ex rel. Tweed v. Liscomb, ( supra, p. 570), the writ "prohibits the review of the decision of a court of competent jurisdiction. * * * If the judgment is merely erroneous, the court having given a wrong judgment when it had jurisdiction, the party aggrieved can only have relief by writ of error, or other process of review." Upon the record, which came before the court in this proceeding, and upon the facts shown by the papers, the writ should have been dismissed; for it then appeared that the judgment, by which the prisoner was detained, had been rendered by a competent tribunal of criminal jurisdiction.
A question is sought to be raised by the appellant as to the People's right to appeal to the appellate court from the final order discharging the prisoner upon the writ. The question arises upon the provisions of section 2058 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which reads: "An appeal may be taken from an order refusing to grant a writ of habeas corpus, or a writ of certiorari, as prescribed in this article, or from a final order, made upon the return of such a writ, to discharge or remand a prisoner, or to dismiss the proceedings. Where the final order is made to discharge a prisoner, upon his giving bail, an appeal therefrom may be taken, before bail is given; but where the appeal is taken by the People, the discharge of the prisoner upon bail shall not be stayed thereby. An appeal does not lie, from an order of the court or judge before which or whom the writ is made returnable, except as prescribed in this section." Mr. Justice MILLER, speaking for the Appellate Division, correctly held, upon authority, that "the first sentence of this section gives the unqualified right to appeal from a final order discharging the prisoner. The succeding sentence is permissive and was plainly intended to authorize an appeal before bail is given, where the discharge, instead of being absolute, is conditional, and to provide that in such case an appeal by the People should not stay the discharge of the prisoner upon giving bail."
I think that the order appealed from should be affirmed.
CULLEN, Ch. J., HAIGHT, VANN, WERNER, HISCOCK and COLLIN, JJ., concur.
Order affirmed.