EDWARD M. CHEN

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND

DENYING IN PART COUNTER-

DEFENDANTS' MOTIONS TO DISMISS

COUNTERCLAIM; GRANTING IN

PART PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO

STRIKE AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES;

AND DENYING DEFENDANT'S

MOTION TO DISQUALIFY

PLAINTIFF'S COUNSEL

(Docket Nos. 63, 66, 70, 88)

I. INTRODUCTION

This case involves a dispute over intellectual property related to neighborhood-based social network websites. Plaintiff Nextdoor.com operates such a website; Defendant Raj Abhyanker alleges that he previously developed concepts related to such websites in connection with a company that he formerly ran. Plaintiff in this case brought suit against Defendant seeking declaratory judgment that it was lawfully using its own trademark and not infringing on any trademark of Defendant's. Plaintiff also brought claims against Defendant for cyberpiracy and for violations of the Lanham Act. Defendant filed an answer asserting various affirmative defenses and bringing counterclaims against Plaintiff and various Counter-Defendants alleging misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of contract, and intentional interference with contract. After various Counter-Defendants filed motions to dismiss the counterclaims, Defendant and Counter-Plaintiff Abhyanker filed an amended answer and counterclaim, this time alleging only misappropriation of trade secrets. Currently pending before the Court are (1) Counter-Defendants Nextdoor.com and Prakash Janakiraman's motion to dismiss the amended counterclaim and motion to strike affirmative defenses, Docket No. 63; (2) Counter-Defendants Sandeep Sood and Monsoon Enterprises' motion to dismiss the amended counterclaim, Docket Nos. 66 (original motion), 88 (amended motion); and (3) Defendant and Counter-Plaintiff's motion to disqualify Plaintiff's counsel, Docket No. 70.

II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Except as otherwise noted, the following facts are drawn from Abhyanker's amended counterclaim. Docket No. 59. A. Abhyanker's Development of LegalForce and Nextdoor Concepts

In the fall of 2006, Abhyanker developed the concept of a private online neighborhood social network for inventors. First Amended Answer and Counter-Claim ("FAAC") ¶ 109. This concept was to be called LegalForce. Id. A separate spin off idea using the same code base was called Nextdoor. Id. In connection with these two concepts, Abhyanker developed and owned various trade secrets, which are discussed in more detail below. Id.

In September 2006, Abhyanker hired Counter-Defendant Sandeep Sood and his firm, Counter-Defendant Monsoon Enterprises, Inc. (then called Big Circle Media), to provide software and website development services for Abhyanker's concept, "which was to be an online private social network for neighborhood inventors by geocoding of inventors and owners from public patent and trademark data in a specific neighborhood." FAAC ¶ 110. Prior to disclosing information related to this concept, Abhyanker required Sood and Monsoon to execute a Non-Disclosure Agreement requiring them to keep confidential the LegalForce and Nextdoor concepts with all accompanying details and work product. Id.

A new corporation, LegalForce, Inc. was formed to own the assets of the LegalForce.com and Nextdoor technology. FAAC ¶ 111. As the domain nextdoor.com was not available at this time, Abhyanker purchased nextyard.com and nextlawn.com as substitutes. Id. Neither Nextdoor nor LegalForce.com were ever publically launched, and the information related to these concepts remained a trade secret. Id. B. Development of Fatdoor Concept and Discussions with Benchmark Capital

In the course of his work on Nextdoor and LegalForce.com, Abhyanker "came up with a new concept based on a Wikipedia like public database of neighbor profiles that could be edited and enhanced to provide a "search" and "discover" functionality as opposed to a sign up social network." FAAC ¶ 112. Abhyanker called this new idea Fatdoor, and ultimately incorporated Fatdoor, Inc., assigning the Fatdoor intellectual property to the company. FAAC ¶¶ 112-16. He alleges, however, that the Fatdoor concept and technology was distinct from the Nextdoor and LegalForce concepts and technology, and that Fatdoor, Inc. never owned any of the intellectual property related to Nextdoor and LegalForce. FAAC ¶¶ 114-17. The rights to the Fatdoor, Inc. intellectual property were subsequently acquired by Google from Fatdoor's successor company, Center'd. FAAC ¶ 119.

In June 2007, a meeting was set up with Counter-Defendant Benchmark Capital. FAAC ¶ 129. While Abhyanker was part of this meeting, the counterclaim is not clear whether he was doing so as a representative of Fatdoor, Inc., of LegalForce, Inc., or in some other capacity. FAAC ¶¶ 129-34. After an initial meeting in which confidential information was not discussed, Abhyanker sought and obtained assurances that all information he shared with Benchmark would be held strictly confidential. FAAC ¶ 129. Based on these assurances, Abhyanker provided a detailed disclosure of LegalForce/Nextdoor trade secrets at a follow up meeting on June 21, 2007. FAAC ¶ 130. This meeting was attended by a number of Benchmark's partners and entrepreneurs in residence. Id. After the meeting, Abhyanker sent follow up information to Benchmark that contained a full disclosure of the Nextdoor concept and related trade secrets. FAAC ¶ 131. C. Abhyanker Returns to Work on Nextdoor Concept

In the summer or fall of 2007, Abhyanker left Fatdoor because the company's investors wanted to bring in a new CEO, and returned to working on the Nextdoor concept. FAAC ¶ 136. In 2008, Abhyanker purchased all remaining LegalForce, Inc. assets, including the source code that made up the original LegalForce/Nextdoor concept and the LegalForce/Nextdoor trade secrets. FAAC ¶ 118. Abhyanker continued to work on trying to restart the Nextdoor private neighborhood social network based on these concepts and trade secrets. Id. Sometime in either late 2007 or 2008, Abhyanker renewed his efforts to acquire the nextdoor.com domain as part of his efforts to develop the Nextdoor concept. FAAC ¶¶ 118, 136. During this time, Abhyanker disclosed to Sood that he was attempting to restart the Nexdoor business and acquire rights to the nextdoor.com domain. Id. D. Plaintiff and Counter Defendant Nextdoor.com's Development of Nextdoor.com Site

During this time period, Plaintiff and Counter-Defendant Nextdoor.com was also developing a neighborhood-based social networking site. Abhyanker makes a number of allegations about the various ways in which Counter-Defendant Nextdoor.com acquired and used his Nextdoor/LegalForce trade secrets in developing its site. He alleges that Sood, the LegalForce, Inc. contractor, is friends with Nextdoor.com founder and Counter-Defendant Prakash Janakiraman, and that Sood passed information about Abhyanker's Nextdoor trade secrets to Janakiraman. FAAC ¶¶ 139-147. Abhyanker also alleges that Nextdoor.com founders Janakiraman and Nirav Tolia were entrepreneurs in residence with Benchmark Capital during the time that Abhyanker disclosed the LegalForce/Nextdoor trade secrets to Benchmark, and that they gained access to the Nextdoor trade secrets through their work with Benchmark. FAAC ¶ 143.

In October 2010, Nextdoor.com set up a website at loreleineighbors.reallifelabs.com to create a prototype of a neighborhood social networking site. FAAC ¶ 150. This prototype uses the same neighborhood that Abhyanker had selected to test the Nextdoor concept, the Lorelei neighborhood in Menlo Park, California. FAAC ¶ 151. Abhyanker alleges that Nextdoor.com's selection of the Lorelei neighborhood to test the prototype is suspicious, as Nextdoor.com is headquartered in San Francisco, and its founders live in San Francisco. FAAC ¶¶ 152-53.

By January 2011, Nextdoor.com had begun efforts to register the nextdoor.com domain. FAAC ¶ 154. Sood was aware that Abhyanker had been trying to purchase the nextdoor.com domain since late 2006. FAAC ¶ 155. Sood disclosed unspecified confidential information about Abhyanker's attempts to purchase the domain to Janakiriman and Nextdoor.com, and this information ultimately allowed them to outbid Abhyanker and register the domain. FAAC ¶ 156. In February 2011, Nextdoor.com filed a federal trademark application for Nextdoor. FAAC ¶ 157. Nextdoor.com publically launched its website at nextdoor.com on October 26, 2011. FAAC ¶ 159. E. State Court and TTAB Proceedings

On November 10, 2011, Abhyanker filed suit against Counter-Defendants in state court, alleging misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of contract, and other claims. FAAC ¶ 160. Abhyanker dismissed this action without prejudice in February 2012. FAAC ¶ 163. Additional detail about this litigation will be discussed as relevant to the analysis below.

In January and February 2012, Abhyanker filed two third-party opposition proceedings against Nextdoor.com's "Nextdoor" trademark application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ("TTAB"). FAAC ¶ 161. These oppositions alleged Nextdoor.com's application on the grounds of priority and fraud. Id. In September 2012, Nextdoor.com's motions to dismiss the oppositions were denied in the TTAB proceedings. FAAC ¶ 163. Those proceedings are currently in discovery. Id. F. Procedural History of the Instant Suit

On November 5, 2012, Nextdoor.com filed the instant suit, bringing claims for declaratory relief, cyberpiracy, and violations of the Lanham Act. Docket No. 1. On January 10, 2013, Abhyanker filed an answer asserting various affirmative defenses and bringing counterclaims against Counter-Defendants alleging misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of contract, and intentional interference with contract. Docket No. 16. After various Counter-Defendants filed motions to dismiss the counterclaims, Abhyanker filed an amended answer and counterclaim, on March 12, 2013, this time alleging only misappropriation of trade secrets. Docket No. 59. The amended answer asserts fifteen amended defenses: (1) failure to state a claim; (2) no injury or damage; (3) lack of standing; (4) statute of limitations; (5) adequate remedy at law; (6) estoppel; (7) laches; (8) acquiescence; (9) waiver; (10) unclean hands; (11) unenforceability of the alleged trademarks; (12) fraud on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; (13) failure to mitigate damages; (14) breach of one or more duties of confidentiality; and (15) Abhyanker's ownership of prior and superior rights in the Nextdoor mark. FAAC ¶¶ 79-93. Abhyanker also reserves the right to assert additional affirmative defenses. FAAC ¶ 94.

On April 25, 2013, Counter-Defendants Nextdoor.com and Prakash Janakiraman filed a motion to dismiss the amended counterclaim and motion to strike affirmative defenses. Docket No. 63. On the same day, Counter-Defendants Sandeep Sood and Monsoon Enterprises filed a motion to dismiss the amended counterclaim. Docket Nos. 66 (original motion), 88 (amended motion). Defendant and Counter-Plaintiff Abhyanker has also filed a motion to disqualify Plaintiff's Nextdoor.com's counsel, on the grounds that counsel previously represented LegalForce, Inc. Docket No. 70.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Motions to Dismiss Counterclaim

As two motions to dismiss Counter-Plaintiff Abhyanker's counterclaim for misappropriation of trade secrets raise largely overlapping arguments, this Court will consider them together. Under Rule 12(b)(6), a party may move to dismiss based on the failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A motion to dismiss based on Rule 12(b)(6) challenges the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged. See Parks Sch. Of Bus. Symington, 51 F.3d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1995). In considering such a motion, a court must take all allegations of material fact as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, although "conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to avoid a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal." Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). While "a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations . . . it must plead 'enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Id. "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); see also Bell Atl. Corp v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007). "The plausibility standard is not akin to a 'probability requirement,' but it asks for more than sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556).

In deciding a motion to dismiss, courts are generally limited to considering the allegations contained in the complaint, and may not consider evidence outside the pleadings. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003). Courts may, however, consider documents attached or incorporated by reference in the complaint, and materials subject to judicial notice without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. Id. Although allegations in a complaint are generally accepted as true, a court "need not accept as true allegations contradicting documents that are referenced in the complaint or that are properly subject to judicial notice." Lazy Y Ranch Ltd. v. Behrens, 546 F.3d 580, 588 (9th Cir. 2008).

1. Adequacy of Trade Secret Allegations

Counter-Defendants argue that Abhyanker's counterclaim for misappropriation of trade secrets must be dismissed, as Abhyanker has failed to allege sufficient facts to state such a claim. Under California's Uniform Trade Secrets Act, a plaintiff must allege that: (1) the plaintiff owned a trade secret; (2) the defendant acquired, disclosed, or used the trade secret through improper means; and (3) the defendant's actions damaged the plaintiff. Sargent Fletcher, Inc. v. Able Corp., 110 Cal. App.4th 1658, 1665 (2003). Counter-Defendants also argue that Abhyanker has failed to sufficiently (1) identify any trade secrets; or (2) allege wrongful acquisition, disclosure, or use of the trade secrets. Docket No. 63 at 15-20; Docket No. 89 at 8-13.

Counter-Defendants Sood and Monsoon Enterprises argue that Abhyanker has failed to sufficiently identify any trade secrets in his counterclaim. A party claiming misappropriation of trade secrets "should describe the subject matter of the trade secret with sufficient particularity to separate it from matters of general knowledge in the trade or of special knowledge of those persons skilled in the trade." Imax Corp. v. Cinema Technologies, Inc., 152 F.3d 1161, 1164-65 (9th Cir. 1998) (internal citation and alterations omitted). This standard derives from the California Court of Appeals case Diodes, Inc. v. Franzen, which held:

One who seeks to protect his trade secrets from wrongful use or disclosure does not have to spell out the details of the trade secret to avoid a demurrer to a complaint. To so require would mean that the complainant would have to destroy the very thing for which he sought protection by making public the secret itself.
The plaintiff must nevertheless allege the ultimate facts showing the existence of a trade secret or other confidential data to state such a cause of action. . . .
Before a defendant is compelled to respond to a complaint based upon claimed misappropriation or misuse of a trade secret and to embark on discovery which may be both prolonged and expensive, the complainant should describe the subject matter of the trade secret with sufficient particularity to separate it from matters of general knowledge in the trade or of special knowledge of those persons who are skilled in the trade, and to permit the defendant to ascertain at least the boundaries within which the secret lies.

Reviewing Abhyanker's allegations at a high level of generality at this early stage in this litigation, the Court finds that he has alleged sufficient facts to survive a motion to dismiss. Abhyanker's counterclaim states that the Nextdoor trade secrets include:

key product details, algorithms, business plans, security algorithms, database structures, user interface designs, software code, product concepts, prototypes, methods, works of authorship, trademarks, white papers, and instrumentalities, information and plans pertaining to, but not limited to, software that makes sure only people who live in a specific neighborhood are able to join its network - giving users a level of privacy that sites like Facebook don't, email lists of inventive neighbors around Cupertino, California, inventive neighbors in the Lorelei neighborhood of Menlo Park, a private social network activation in a geospatially constrained area when 10 neighbors sign up, geo-spatial database, neighborhood member activation through postal mail, public/private geo-location constrained member groups, neighborhood member address verification, sharing of bulletin and wallcommunications between neighborhood resident users only, customer lists, architecture, social networking, friend grouping, providing real time updates, neighborhood-level privacy controls, feed aggregation, spheres of influence, application technologies, filtering
relevant feeds across multiple networks, filtering conversations, adding contextual relevancy to private messages and connections in a geospatially constrained area, and connections across interactions in neighboring communities, providing in depth conversations through a social graph, community governance, bidding history of the Nextdoor.com domain, the activation of the Lorelei neighborhood as a prime testing neighborhood for communication, neighborhood communication and geo-spatial social networking, and the use of the name Nextdoor.com in conjunction with a private social network for neighborhoods.

Counter-Defendants also argue that Abhyanker's counterclaim should be dismissed because he has failed to sufficiently allege that Counter-Defendants have wrongfully acquired, disclosed, or used the alleged trade secrets. The counterclaim offers general allegations that Counter-Defendants misappropriated Abhyanker's trade secrets, but provides specific factual allegations supporting misappropriation claims for only a few of the alleged trade secrets, such as the bidding history of the nextdoor.com domain. As with the identification of trade secrets, however, the Court concludes that these allegations are sufficient at the pleading stage, and that successive rounds of amended pleading are not the most efficient way of requiring Abhyanker to provide additional detail.

Further, Defendants are entitled, however, to a more definite identification of Abhyanker's claims at a preliminary stage before this case progresses to full discovery. Accordingly, at the hearing on this motion, the Court directed the parties to meet and confer to try to reach agreement regarding the appropriate process for identifying the trade secrets and the misappropriation allegations with more specificity. The Court contemplated that this process would require Abhyanker to provide additional detail regarding the trade secrets he alleges Counter-Defendants misappropriated, and how each secret was allegedly misappropriated by Counter-Defendants. Additionally, this process should include provisions to protect against the public disclosure of any trade secrets disclosed. Per this Court's directions at the hearing, the parties filed a joint statement with the Court on June 27, 2013. Though the parties agree to many of the details for this process, they do identify some outstanding disputes, which are discussed further below.

Though the Court thus DENIES Counter-Defendants' motions to dismiss for failure to sufficiently allege trade secret misappropriation at this juncture, this is without prejudice to Counter-Defendant's ability to bring a motion to dismiss if the disclosure process identified by the parties reveals deficiencies in Plaintiff's claims.

2. Public Disclosure of Alleged Trade Secrets

Counter-Defendants also argue that Abhyanker's counterclaim for misappropriation of trade secrets must fail because the trade secrets he alleges were disclosed in a publically available patent application, thus destroying the information's trade secret status. Docket No. 63 at 13-15; Docket No. 89 at 13-14. Specifically, Counter-Defendants argue that the trade secrets alleged in this action were disclosed in public patent application number 11/603,442, which Abhyanker filed on November 22, 2006. Docket No. 64-1. Abhyanker disputes this characterization of the contents of the '422 patent application, and argues that it covered only Fatdoor technology, and not the LegalForce/Nextdoor trade secrets alleged in this action.

Under California law, an unprotected disclosure of information terminates the existence of a trade secret. See Vacco Indus., Inc. v. Van Den Berg, 5 Cal. App. 4th 34, 50 (1992). Courts have thus recognized that "disclosure of a trade secret in a patent places the information comprising the secret into the public domain." Stutz Motor Car of Am., Inc. v. Reebok Int'l, Ltd., 909 F. Supp. 1353, 1359 (C.D. Cal. 1995) aff'd, 113 F.3d 1258 (Fed. Cir. 1997); Forcier v. Microsoft Corp., 123 F. Supp. 2d 520, 528 (N.D. Cal. 2000) (trade secret status extinguished under California law where information was disclosed in patents or patent applications). Information related to technology disclosed in a patent or patent application may retain trade secret status, however, if it was not itself disclosed in the application. See Imax Corp. v. Cinema Technologies, Inc., 152 F.3d 1161, 1163 (9th Cir. 1998) ("the possibility of trade secrets qualified for protection under state law" existed where company held patent for a "rolling loop" projector but the patent had not disclosed "everything needed to mass-produce" the projector); Henry Hope X-Ray Prods., Inc. v. Marron Carrel, Inc., 674 F.2d 1336, 1342 (9th Cir. 1982) (where patented apparatus contained features that were not disclosed in patent, the undisclosed features qualified for protection as trade secrets).

Abhyanker filed the '442 patent application on November 22, 2006, and the application was published on September 20, 2007. Docket No. 64-1 at 2 of 65. The application is titled "Map Based Neighborhood Search and Community Contribution," and the abstract reads:

A method, apparatus and system of map based community search and neighborhood contribution are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method includes associating a verified registered user with a user profile, associating the user profile with a specific geographic location, generating a map concurrently displaying the user profile and the specific geographic location and simultaneously generating, in the map, wiki profiles associated with different geographic locations surrounding the specific geographic location associated with the user profile.

The patent application does not assign a name to the method claimed. Counter-Defendants, however, point to the fact that the application does in one place explicitly mention the nextdoor.com name:

In one embodiment, the methods and systems illustrated in FIGS. 1-28 enable people to search for things they want e.g. nearby pizzas etc. (e.g. by distance away). Advertisers can 'own' their listing by placing a display ad on nextdoor.com. Instead of click-through revenues when someone leaves the site, revenues will be realized when the link is clicked and someone views a preview html on the right of the visual map. Targeted advertisements may also be placed when someone searches a particular street, name, city, etc.

Thus, though it does not do so prominently, it does appear that the '442 patent application discloses the use of the name nextdoor.com in connection with a website that provides online social networking (along with other related features) aimed at neighbors and neighborhoods. To the degree that Abhyanker's counterclaim is based on the use of the nextdoor.com name in connection with a neighborhood-based social network, that there is no trade secret subject to misappropriation, since this concept was disclosed in the '442 patent application prior to any of the alleged acts of misappropriation. FAAC ¶¶ 150, 159 (Nextdoor.com's prototype site launched in October 2010; the public website launched in October 2011).

Accordingly, this Court GRANTS Defendants' motions to dismiss Abhyanker's counterclaim to the degree that the counterclaim is based on allegations that Counter-Defendants misappropriated the concept of using the name nextdoor.com in connection with a neighborhood-based social network.

3. Counter-Plaintiff's Ownership of Alleged Trade Secrets

Finally, Counter-Defendants argue that Abhyanker's counterclaim should be dismissed because he has admitted in various judicially noticeable documents that he does not own the secrets that are at issue in this case. Specifically, they point to filings from the state court action and proceedings before TTAB in which they contend he conceded that the trade secrets Nextdoor.com has allegedly misappropriated are part of the Fatdoor.com intellectual property that is now owned by Google. Docket No. 63 at 20-22; Docket No. 89 at 6-8. Abhyanker argues that the allegations in these other filings are not actually inconsistent with his allegations in his amended counterclaim, and that he has adequately pled ownership of the trade secrets here.

In order to bring a viable claim for misappropriation of trade secrets, Abhyanker must own the trade secrets in question. Sargent Fletcher, Inc. v. Able Corp., 110 Cal. App.4th 1658, 1665 (2003). While the amended counterclaim does allege that Abhyanker owns the trade secrets that form the basis for his claim, see FAAC ¶ 168, a court need not accept as true allegations in a pleading that are contradicted by facts that are subject to judicial notice. Lazy Y Ranch, 546 F.3d at 588. As courts "may take judicial notice of court filings and other matters of public record," the state court, and TTAB filings are the proper subject of judicial notice here. Reyn's Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741 (9th Cir.2006).

Under federal law, "stipulations and admissions in the pleadings are generally binding on the parties and the Court." Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Lacelaw Corp., 861 F.2d 224, 226 (9th Cir. 1988). "Factual assertions in pleadings and pretrial orders, unless amended, are considered judicial admissions conclusively binding on the party who made them." Id. Where a party later amends the pleadings to contradict the earlier admission and explains the error, however, " the trial court must accord the explanation due weight." Sicor Ltd. v. Cetus Corp., 51 F.3d 848, 860 (9th Cir. 1995).

Admissions in one court proceeding, however, are generally not considered binding in other, separate litigation. Kohler v. Leslie Hindman, Inc., 80 F.3d 1181, 1185 (7th Cir. 1996) ("a statement made in one lawsuit cannot be a judicial admission in another"); Universal Am. Barge Corp. v. J-Chem, Inc., 946 F.2d 1131, 1142 (5th Cir. 1991) ("judicial admissions are not conclusive and binding in a separate case from the one in which the admissions were made"); United States v. Raphelson, 802 F.2d 588, 592 (1st Cir. 1986) ("a pleading in one case is not a conclusive judicial admission in a later one"); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Worthington, 405 F.2d 683, 686 (8th Cir. 1968) ("judicial admissions are binding for the purpose of the case in which the admissions are made including appeals. This does not make the same judicial admissions conclusive and binding in separate and subsequent cases."). While the Ninth Circuit does not seem to have explicitly adopted this rule, California district court decisions have. See Grove Lumber & Bldg. Supply, Inc. v. Argonaut Ins. Co., SACV 07-1396 AHSRNBX, 2008 WL 2705169 (C.D. Cal. July 7, 2008) (Argonaut's allegation in prior litigation . . . is not a judicial admission in this action"); Rankine v. Roller Bearing Co. of Am., Inc., 12-CV-2065-IEG BLM, 2013 WL 1942199 (S.D. Cal. May 9, 2013) (holding that a "judicial admission binds only in the litigation in which it is made"). While an admission in a prior lawsuit may be admissible evidence in a later proceeding, see Kohler, 80 F.3d at 1185, it is not a binding admission, and thus does not control a motion to dismiss.

The cases that Counter-Defendants cite in support of the argument that Abhyanker's state court pleadings are binding judicial admissions are inapposite. In Bauer v. Tacey Goss, P.S., the court held than a party's argument was precluded because it was contradicted by statements in an earlier complaint in that same litigation. C 12-00876 JSW, 2012 WL 2838834, *3 (N.D. Cal. July 10, 2012). Falcocchia v. Saxon Mortgage, Inc. did involve a state court document that contradicted a party's current position, but it was a declaration that had been filed in the same case prior to its removal to federal court. 709 F. Supp. 2d 873, 887 (E.D. Cal. 2010). Finally, the court in Tripati v. Thompson, took judicial notice of orders in a state court case that contradicted the plaintiff's allegations about judicial misconduct in that case. CV-03-1122, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 38093, at * (D. Ariz. Dec. 27, 2005). None of these cases suggests that allegations in state court pleadings constitute binding judicial admissions in a later, separate federal court case.

As Abhyanker's allegations in the state court and TTAB proceedings are not binding judicial admissions in this action, Counter-Defendants' motion to dismiss Abhyanker's counterclaim on this ground is DENIED. This is, of course, without prejudice as to Counter-Defendants' ability to bring a motion for partial summary judgement raising the issue of Abhyanker's ownership of the trade secrets, at which point they could introduce Abhyanker's allegations in the state court and TTAB proceedings as evidence. B. Motion to Strike Affirmative Defenses

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f), "[a] court may strike from a pleading any insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). Rule 8(c), requires parties to "affirmatively state any avoidance or affirmative defense," and Rule 8(b)(1) further requires a party to "state in short and plain terms its defenses to each claim asserted against it." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(1), (c). "The key to determining the sufficiency of pleading an affirmative defense is whether it gives plaintiff fair notice of the defense." Wyshak v. City Nat'l Bank, 607 F.2d 824, 827 (9th Cir.1979). While the Ninth Circuit has not addressed whether the Iqbal/Twombly pleading standard applies to affirmative defenses, most courts which have considered the issue have applied the heightened pleading standard to affirmative defenses. See Righetti v. California Dep't of Corr. & Rehab., C-11-2717 EMC, 2013 WL 1891374 (N.D. Cal. May 6, 2013); PageMelding, Inc. v. ESPN, Inc., C 11-06263 WHA, 2012 WL 3877686 (N.D. Cal. Sept.6, 2012) ("Within this district . . . there is widespread agreement that" the Iqbal/Twombly standard applies to affirmative defenses); Barnes v. AT & T Pension Ben. Plan-Nonbargained Program, 718 F. Supp. 2d 1167, 1171 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (collecting cases).

As this Court has recently held, this standard is appropriate because "Twombly's rationale of giving fair notice to the opposing party would seem to apply as well to affirmative defenses given the purpose of Rule 8(b)'s requirements for defenses." Righetti, 2013 WL 1891374, at *3 (quoting Barnes & Noble, Inc. v. LSI Corp., 849 F. Supp.2d 925, 929 (N.D. Cal. 2012)). Applying the heightened pleading standard to affirmative defenses "serves a valid purpose in requiring at least some valid factual basis for pleading an affirmative defense and not adding it to the case simply upon some conjecture that it may somehow apply." Barnes, 718 F. Supp. 2d at 1172 (citations omitted). Further, "[a]pplying the same standard will also serve to weed out the boilerplate listing of affirmative defenses which is commonplace in most defendants' pleadings where many of the defenses alleged are irrelevant to the claims asserted." Barnes & Noble, 849 F. Supp. 2d at 929 (citations omitted).

Under this standard, "a defense need not include extensive factual allegations in order to give fair notice, [however] bare statements reciting mere legal conclusions may not be sufficient." Perez v. Gordon & Wong Law Group, P.C., No. 11-CV-03323 LHK, 2012 WL 1029425, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Mar.26, 2012) (citations omitted). "Just as a plaintiff's complaint must allege enough supporting facts to nudge a legal claim across the line separating plausibility from mere possibility, a defendant's pleading of affirmative defenses must put a plaintiff on notice of the underlying factual basis of the defense." Id. (citations omitted).

In the complaint, Nextdoor.com brings four causes of action. First, it seeks declaratory judgment that Nextdoor.com is lawfully using the "Nextdoor" mark and not infringing on Abhyanker's rights to same. Second, it seeks declaratory judgment that Nextdoor.com's use of its "Nextdoor" mark does not infringe on any rights claimed by Abhyanker based on the "Fatdoor" mark. Third, it asserts a claim for cyberpiracy based on Abhyanker's acquisition of the domain name nextdoor.com. Fourth, it claims violations of the Lanham act based on Abhyanker's use of the name "nextdoor" in connection with a neighborhood-based social networking site.

Abhyanker's amended answer asserts fifteen amended defenses: (1) failure to state a claim; (2) no injury or damage; (3) lack of standing; (4) statute of limitations; (5) adequate remedy at law; (6) estoppel; (7) laches; (8) acquiescence; (9) waiver; (10) unclean hands; (11) unenforceability of the alleged trademarks; (12) fraud on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; (13) failure to mitigate damages; (14) breach of one or more duties of confidentiality; and (15) Abhyanker's ownership of prior and superior rights in the Nextdoor mark. FAAC ¶¶ 79-93. Each asserted defense is followed by a sentence simply stating the applicability of the defense, and providing little to no detail about the grounds for the asserted defense. Id.

Many of these defenses, however, are supported by facts alleged elsewhere in the amended answer and counterclaim. For example, the fraud on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office defense appears to be based on Abhyanker's claims that Nextdoor.com's application for the "Nextdoor" mark is based on its misappropriation of his trade secrets related to same. Similarly, the basis for the fifteenth affirmative defense - Abhyanker's prior rights in the Nextdoor mark - is clearly set out in the counterclaim. The following affirmative defenses are somewhat less clearly set out, but at least plausibly refer to Abhyanker's claims that he is the rightful owner of the Nextdoor trade secrets: (1) failure to state a claim; (3) lack of standing; (10) unclean hands; and (11) unenforceability of the alleged trademarks. The fourteenth affirmative defense, that Nextdoor.com's "use of its alleged trademark(s) is a breach of one or more agreements or duties of confidentiality" appears related to his allegations that Nextdoor.com's founders obtained information on Abhyanker's trade secrets through the breach of confidentiality agreements Abhyanker had with Sood and with Benchmark Capital. All of these affirmative defenses are thus adequately pled in the complaint, and Counter-Defendants' motion to strike is DENIED as to these defenses.

For remaining affirmative defenses, however, it is difficult to discern the basis from the facts alleged in the amended answer and counterclaim. Thus, Counter-Defendants' motion to strike Abhyanker's affirmative defenses is GRANTED as to the following defenses: (2) no injury or damage; (4) statute of limitations; (5) adequate remedy at law; (6) estoppel; (7) laches; (8) acquiescence; (9) waiver; and (13) failure to mitigate damages. Abhyanker may file an amended answer providing the factual basis for these affirmative defenses within 21 days. C. Motion to Disqualify Plaintiff's Counsel

Abhyanker moves to disqualify Plaintiff Nextdoor.com's counsel, the firm Fenwick & West. Abhyanker and LegalForce retained Fenwick & West in 2006 and 2007 to incorporate LegalForce, Inc., and prepare various documents for the business. Nextdoor.com opposes, arguing that the two representations are not sufficiently related to merit disqualification, that Abhyanker waived any conflict through a waiver executed in the state court action, and that Abhyanker's delay in bringing this motion makes disqualification inappropriate. As this Court concludes that the two representations are not sufficiently related to require disqualification, it need not reach the latter two arguments.

1. Factual Background

Abhyanker and LegalForce retained Fenwick & West in 2006 and 2007 to incorporate LegalForce, Inc., and to assist in various matters relating to the company's formation. Declaration of Raj Abhyanker ("Abhyanker Decl.") ¶¶ 2, 9 (Docket No. 73). The retainer agreement states that Fenwick "would represent the Company in connection with corporate matters relating to the Company's formation, financing, and structure, and such other matters as we may mutually agree upon." Docket No. 81-20 at 2. The agreement provides that Sayre Stevick will be the primary partner in charge of LegalForce's account with regards to corporate matters, and that Rajiv Patel would be the primary support partner with regards to matters related to intellectual property. Id.

The parties dispute a number of facts about the scope of the representation. Abhyanker states that Fenwick helped to prepare confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements that were signed by employees, including Sood. Abhyanker Decl. ¶¶ 2, 9. He also alleges that the intellectual property at issue in this case was "protected through instruments negotiated and designed by Fenwick." Abhyanker Decl. ¶ 4. Nextdoor.com, however, provides the declaration of Fenwick attorney Tyler Baker, who reviewed the firm's files and correspondence related to the representation of Abhyanker and LegalForce, and states that he found no indication that Fenwick had drafted non-disclosure or confidentiality agreements for LegalForce. Declaration of Tyler A. Baker ("Baker Decl.") ¶ 28 (Docket No. 81). Further, Baker found no indication in the firm's files or time records to support the statement that Fenwick negotiated any instruments to protect Abhyanker or LegalForce's intellectual property. Baker Decl. ¶ 29. While Fenwick did apparently provide LegalForce with a form agreement titled "Employee Invention Assignment Agreement," this was not tailored to LegalForce and there is no indication that Fenwick negotiated this instrument with LegalForce's employees. Id.

Abhyanker also claims that Sood worked directly with Fenwick attorneys to prepare confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements for both employees and investors. Abhyanker Decl. ¶ 9. Nextdoor.com has submitted a declaration from Sood, in which he denies that he ever worked with Fenwick attorneys in connection with his work for LegalForce, or that he had any hand in drafting any of the company's corporate documents. Declaration of Sandeep Sood ("Sood Decl.") ¶ 5 (Docket No. 80). Additionally, Baker's declaration states that nothing in Fenwick's files, time records, or correspondence indicates that Sood worked with Fenwick attorneys during the course of Fenwick's representation of LegalForce. Baker Decl. ¶ 30.

Abhyanker does not contend that Fenwick drafted the documents assigning certain of his intellectual property to Fatdoor in February 2007, but does allege that Fenwick advised the attorney who did so, and that Fenwick advised LegalForce about its intellectual property rights during this time. Abhyanker Decl. ¶¶ 13, 14. Baker, however, states that Fenwick's billing system contains no entries for LegalForce in February 2007, and that no time was billed to Legal Force after September 30, 2006. Baker Decl. ¶ 31. Fenwick's files contain no record of communications with the attorney who drafted the intellectual property assignment. Id. Moreover, Baker states that Fenwick did not advise LegalForce about trade secrets, and that there is no indication that Fenwick ever received any trade secret information in connection with the representation. Baker Decl. ¶ 24.

In connection with his review of the LegalForce file, Baker reviewed Fenwick's time records related to the LegalForce representation. Baker Decl. ¶¶ 22, 32. The attorney who billed the most time to LegalForce was a mid-level corporate associate, Guy Ladetzky, who billed 31.1 hours. Baker Decl. ¶¶ 25, 32. Ladetzky left Fenwick in May 2008. Baker Decl. ¶ 25. The main paralegal on the case, Katie Young, left Fenwick in 2009. Baker Decl. ¶ 32. The only attorney who billed time to LegalForce that is still with the firm is Sayre Stevick, who billed 3.7 hours to LegalForce. Baker Decl. ¶ 32. As noted above, the retention agreement identifies Stevick as the lead partner for corporate matters. Docket No. 81-20. Notably, Rajiv Patel, who was identified as the lead partner for intellectual property matters, did not bill any time to the LegalForce account. Baker Decl. ¶ 25.

In his reply declaration, Abhyanker contends that Patel helped him with intellectual property strategy, though he does not provide details about what this entailed. Docket No. 87 at 1-2. Though it is not entirely clear, it appears that this assistance may have been rendered in an informal, personal capacity, as Abhyanker and Patel are friends. Id. In his declaration, he states that:

In the summer of 2006, I hired my friend Rajiv Patel ("Patel"), a partner in the intellectual property group at Fenwick to represent my interests and incorporate a new corporation (102103, later renamed LegalForce) to protect the software technologies I was developing, including the technologies related to Nextdoor being developed by Sood. Patel is a close family friend and we regularly met on weekends in 2006, including babysitting each other's children and attending family functions and outings together. I hired Fenwick in 2006 based on my personal and professional friendship with Patel, whom I also knew to be a highly regarded intellectual property attorney at Fenwick and a professor of patent law at U.C. Hastings Law School.
After Fenwick partner Patel helped me with intellectual property strategy, Fenwick sent a new engagement letter for me to sign on July 27, 2006.

In all, this Court finds that Baker's representations of the scope of Fenwick's representation of LegalForce are more credible than Abhyanker's. Baker's statements were made after what appears to be a fairly comprehensive review of the relevant files, while the basis for Abhyanker's statements is either unclear or simply based on his personal recollection of events that took place between six and seven years ago, and unsupported by any documentary evidence. The Court finds it particularly telling that Patel, who had been identified as the intellectual property lead on the case, did not bill any hours to LegalForce. Other than in asserting that Patel did provide assistance on intellectual property strategy, Abhyanker offered nothing in his reply declaration to contradict or question Baker's statements about the work Fenwick performed for LegalForce. This lack of explanation is notable in light of the fact that Abhyanker apparently requested and received Fenwick's files relating to its representation of LegalForce in the summer of 2008. Baker Decl. ¶ 21. Given Abhyanker's access to Fenwick's file, it is telling that he does not submit any specific information or documents from that file to support his allegations about the scope of representation.

2. Relationship of Current Action to Prior Representation

The right to disqualify counsel is a discretionary exercise of the trial court's inherent powers. Visa U.S.A., Inc. v. First Data Corp., 241 F. Supp. 2d 1100, 1104 (N.D. Cal. 2003) (citing United States v. Wunsch, 84 F.3d 1110, 1114 (9th Cir.1996)). Pursuant Local Rule 11, every attorney before this Court must "comply with the standards of professional conduct required of the members of the State Bar of California." N.D. Cal. Civil Local Rule 11-4(a)(1). Motions to disqualify counsel are decided under state law. In re Cnty. of Los Angeles, 223 F.3d 990, 995 (9th Cir. 2000). Trial courts may resolve disputed factual issues on motions to disqualify counsel. People ex rel. Dep't of Corporations v. SpeeDee Oil Change Sys., Inc., 20 Cal. 4th 1135, 1143 (1999) (holding that where trial court resolved disputed facts, appellate courts review for abuse of discretion, but where there are no disputed factual issues, appellate courts review the trial court's determination as a question of law).

Disqualification "ultimately involves a conflict between a client's right to chosen counsel and the need to maintain ethical standards of professional responsibility." State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Federal Ins. Co., 72 Cal. App. 4th 1422, 1428 (1999). When considering the disqualification of counsel based upon a conflict of interest, courts must consider a host of relevant factors:

[T]he court must weigh the combined effect of a party's right to counsel of choice, an attorney's interest in representing a client, the financial burden on a client of replacing disqualified counsel and any tactical abuse underlying a disqualification proceeding against the fundamental principle that the fair resolution of disputes within our adversary system requires vigorous representation of parties by independent counsel unencumbered by conflicts of interest.

The California Rules of Professional Conduct provide that

A member shall not, without the informed written consent of the client or former client, accept employment adverse to the client or former client where, by reason of the representation of the client or former client, the member has obtained confidential information material to the employment.

To determine whether there is a substantial relationship between successive representations, a court must first determine whether the attorney had a direct professional relationship with the former client in which the attorney personally provided legal advice and services on a legal issue that is closely related to the legal issue in the present representation. If the former representation involved such a direct relationship with the client, the former client need not prove that the attorney possesses actual confidential information. Instead, the attorney is presumed to possess confidential information if the subject of the prior representation put the attorney in a position in which confidences material to the current representation would normally have been imparted to counsel. When the attorney's contact with the prior client was not direct, then the court examines both the attorney's relationship to the prior client and the relationship between the prior and the present representation. If the subjects of the prior
representation are such as to make it likely the attorney acquired confidential information that is relevant and material to the present representation, then the two representations are substantially related. When a substantial relationship between the two representations is established, the attorney is automatically disqualified from representing the second client.

As this Court credits Baker's representations regarding the scope of representation, it finds that Fenwick's prior representation of LegalForce is not substantially related to the instant matter. Fenwick's representation of LegalForce appears to have been limited to incorporating the company, drafting documents related to financing and corporate structure. The fact that Fenwick represented a corporation for the purposes of incorporation and related matters is not likely to put Fenwick in the position where they would ordinarily be expected to have received confidences material to this representation (e.g. identity and ownership of trade secrets). This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that the attorneys billing time to LegalForce worked in Fenwick's corporate practice group, and that the attorney who had been designated lead on intellectual property matters did not bill any time to LegalForce.

Though Fenwick may have provided a template agreement for employee's assignment of intellectual property, or, if Abhyanker's account is to be credited, even a non-disclosure or confidentiality agreement for employees, LegalForce would not have needed to disclose confidential trade secret information to Fenwick in order to receive and make use of such documents. Perhaps more relevantly for this case, Fenwick's billing records indicate that it was not involved in any assignment of Abhyanker's intellectual property rights in early 2007. Abhyanker has produced no documents or evidence beyond his own testimony indicating that Fenwick had confidential information about LegalForce's trade secrets, or about the ownership of the intellectual property rights that are contested in this matter.

Additionally, it is significant that the attorneys and paralegals who expended the majority of the time on the LegalForce representation are no longer with Fenwick. While Patel is still with Fenwick and may have received confidential information from Abhyanker in the course of their friendship, the fact that he did not bill any hours on the LegalForce matter suggests that he did not receive any confidential information in his role as an attorney at Fenwick.

In any case, Fenwick has implemented an ethical screen to ensure that Patel does not provide any information to the Fenwick attorneys involved in representing Nextdoor.com. Fenwick implemented this screen after Abhyanker raised concerns about a conflict in the state court litigation; it has been continually in place since late 2011. Baker Decl. ¶¶ 2-19; Baker Decl. Ex. 6-7. This screen applies to Patel, Stevick, Woods, to all attorneys who billed time to LegalForce, and to attorneys who attended social functions with Abhyanker at Patel's house. Baker Decl. ¶ 8; Baker Decl. Ex. 6-7. It provides that these attorneys shall not work on, consult on, or otherwise participate in any work involving the Nextdoor matter; that no person at Fenwick shall discuss with these attorneys the work they performed for LegalForce; that no person at Fenwick shall provide these attorneys access to confidential, privileged, or work product materials related to Fenwick's work on the Nextdoor matter; and that these attorneys are electronically "locked out" of the files related to the Nextdoor representation. Baker Decl. Ex. 6-7. To the degree that there is any danger of conflict arising from Abhyanker's personal disclosure of confidential information to Patel, this screen alleviates that risk. See In re Cnty. of Los Angeles, 223 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir. 2000) (recognizing that timely and effective screening mechanisms can render disqualification unnecessary).

As Fenwick's representation of LegalForce was not substantially related to the subject matter of the instant case, Abhyanker's motion to disqualify Fenwick as counsel for Nextdoor.com is DENIED. The Court finds that the ethical screen Fenwick has set up around attorneys who worked on the LegalForce matter or who otherwise may have received information regarding LegalForce is appropriate and should continue through the duration of this litigation. D. Disputes Regarding Trade Secret Disclosure Procedure

On June 27, 2013 the parties submitted a joint report setting out a plan for designation of trade secrets pursuant to this Court's directions at the hearing on the above motions. The parties agree that as part of this process, Abyhanker should be required to provide the following information:

1. The identification of each trade secret with reasonable particularity as required by California Code of Civil Procedure § 2019.210;
2. For each trade secret, whether the trade secret was acquired by each particular Counter Defendant, and the supporting factual basis;
3. For each trade secret, whether the asserted trade secret was disclosed by each particular Counter Defendant, and the supporting factual basis;
4. For each trade secret, whether the asserted trade secret was used by each Counter Defendant, and the supporting factual basis.

The parties additionally dispute the appropriate schedule for making such disclosures. In particular, Abhyanker seeks to delay the disclosure schedule because he states that he intends to file a motion for leave to file a motion to reconsider this Court's order directing him to identify the factual basis for his allegations of misappropriation with respect to each particular trade secret. Abhyanker indicates that his motion is based on the argument that he is not required to make such disclosures as part of the trade secrets designation process is not required by California Code of Civil Procedure § 2019.210 or the cases interpreting that section. This Court's order, however, while modeled in part on § 2019.210, was made not simply in reliance on the requirements of that section, but also pursuant to this Court's inherent case management power. Accordingly, the fact that the disclosure of additional detail regarding allegations of acquisition, disclosure, and use of trade secrets is not required by § 2019.210 does not undermine the basis for the Court's order, and the Court DENIES Abhyanker's request for leave to file a motion for reconsideration. The parties shall proceed directly to the trade secret disclosure process, on the schedule set below.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the forgoing reasons, the Court orders as follows:

1. Counter-Defendants' motions to dismiss Abhyanker's counterclaim is GRANTED as to the allegation that Counter-Defendants misappropriated the trade secret concept of using the nextdoor.com name in connection with a neighborhood-based social network;
2. Counter-Defendants' motions to dismiss Abhyanker's counterclaim is otherwise DENIED;
3. Counter-Defendants' motion to strike Abhyanker's affirmative defenses is GRANTED as to the following defenses: (2) no injury or damage; (4) statute of limitations; (5) adequate remedy at law; (6) estoppel; (7) laches; (8) acquiescence; (9) waiver; and (13) failure to mitigate damages. It is otherwise DENIED. Abhyanker may file an amended answer providing the factual basis for these affirmative defenses within 21 days;
4. Abhyanker's motion to disqualify Plaintiff Nextdoor.com's counsel is DENIED;
5. Nextdoor.com's counsel shall maintain the ethical wall it has implemented to screen off all attorneys who may have information regarding LegalForce, Inc. from involvement with the representation of Nextdoor.com.
6. The parties are ordered to comply with the trade secrets disclosure procedure outlined in the June 27, 2013 joint report. The disclosures need not include a designation of documents identifying the trade secrets. The schedule for this process shall be as follows:

• The parties shall file a stipulated protective order by no later than July 19, 2013;
• Abhyanker shall file under seal his identification of trade secrets and the factual basis for claims of misappropriation by no later than August 2, 2013;

• The parties shall meet and confer regarding any issues relating to the sufficiency of the trade secret designation by no later than August 16, 2013;
• The parties shall address disagreements relating to the sufficiency of the trade secret designations in their respective portions of the CMC statement by no later than August 29, 2013;
• The next further case management conference shall be re-set from August 22, 2013 to September 5, 2013 at 10:30 a.m.

This order disposes of Docket Nos. 63, 66, 70, and 88.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

______________

EDWARD M. CHEN

United States District Judge