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finding claim that plaintiffs did not have access to medical records insufficient to satisfy the exceptional circumstances test
Summary of this case from Borgos–Taboas v. Hima San Pablo Hosp. BayamonOpinion
Civil No. 10-1287 (JAF), Civil No. 10-1289 (JAF).
February 16, 2011.
Juan Ramon Rodriguez-Lopez, Rodriguez Lopez Law Office, Ponce, PR, for Plaintiffs.
Jorge Martinez-Luciano, M.L. R.E. Law Firm, Luis 0. Soto-Colon, De Corral De Mier, Harry Anduze-Montano, Jose A. Morales-Boscio, Harry Anduze Montano Law Office, Angel A. Valencia-Aponte, San Juan, PR, for Defendants.
OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiffs, José Antonio Negrón-Santiago, Carmen Iris Matos-Torres, and their conjugal partnership; Marta Elisa Molina-Matos; María del Carmen Negrón-Matos; and Keila Alvarez-Nieves, a minor represented by her parents, Héctor Alvarez-Fernández and Iris Nieves-Ruiz, bring this consolidated action arising from the death of José A. Negrón-Matos against Defendants, San Cristóbal Hospital ("SCH"), Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ("PREPA"), Unión de Trabajadores de la Industria Eléctrica y Riego ("UTIER"), and various unnamed persons. (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 1; Case No. 10-1289, Docket No. 7.) Plaintiffs assert claims against SCH, as well as unknown doctors and insurers under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), P.L. 104-91; the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act ("EMTALA"), 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd; and supplemental claims under Puerto Rico tort law. (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 1.) Against PREPA, UTIER, and unknown insurers, Plaintiffs bring claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e- 2000e-17; HIPAA; the "whistleblower act;" the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 ("OSHA"), 29 U.S.C. §§ 651- 678; 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging violations of the First, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments; and supplemental claims under Puerto Rico law. (Case No. 10-1289, Docket No. 7). SCH moves to dismiss the complaint (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 4), and Plaintiffs oppose (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 5). UTIER and PREPA move to dismiss (Case No. 10-1289, Docket Nos. 13 (UTIER); 16 (PREPA)) and Plaintiffs oppose (Case No. 10-1289, Docket No. 38). Following our order consolidating these two cases (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 22), UTIER and PREPA replied to Plaintiffs' opposition. (Docket Nos. 23 (PREPA); 24 (UTIER).)
It is unclear whether Plaintiffs refer to the federal Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989, Pub.L. No. 101-12 (codified in scattered sections of 5 U.S.C.), or to Puerto Rico's Whistleblower Protection Act, 1 L.P.R.A. §§ 601-606 (2008).
I. Factual and Procedural Summary
We draw the following factual summary from Plaintiffs' complaints (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 1; Case No. 10-1289, Docket No. 7). In ruling on a motion to dismiss, we assume all of Plaintiff's allegations to be true and make all reasonable inferences in its favor.See Gagliardi v. Sullivan, 513 F.3d 301, 305 (1st Cir. 2008). José A. Negrón-Matos worked for the "Technical Brigade" of PREPA's office in Juana Díaz. On December 5, 2007, a coworker threw a 4"x4" wooden board at Negrón-Matos' head, causing a laceration. Following this
injury, Negrón-Matos returned to the Juana Díaz office and then went to PREPA's infirmary facility in Ponce. Later that afternoon, Negrón-Matos went to SCH's emergency room, where he received twelve stitches to his head and was released. On January 2, 2008, Negrón-Matos again went to SCH's emergency room, complaining of a headache and liquid leaking from his ears. SCH put Negrón-Matos under observation and released him that same day. Negrón-Matos' condition worsened, and on the morning of February 5, 2008, he was found dead by his parents.
After Negrón-Matos' death, his father, Plaintiff Negrón-Santiago, learned of the injury caused by Negrón-Matos' coworker on December 5, 2007. Negrón-Santiago requested that PREPA and UTIER conduct investigations of Negrón-Matos' injury. No investigations took place. Furthermore, Plaintiffs have not received the insurance benefits owed to them by UTIER as next-of-kin to Negrón-Matos. Plaintiff Negrón-Santiago filed various administrative complaints before federal and Commonwealth agencies. In the wake of these complaints, Negrón-Santiago was randomly drug tested by PREPA three times within a year. Plaintiffs also make a murky allegation of retaliation based on tampering with Negrón-Santiago's electric meter.
Plaintiffs first filed suit in this district in February 2009 before Judge Acosta, alleging the same causes of action against the Defendants here plus the deceased's coworkers and the Fondo del Seguro del Estado. (Case No. 09-1109, Docket No. 1.) Following SCH's motion to dismiss (Case No. 09-1109, Docket No. 5), Plaintiffs sought and were granted voluntary dismissal of all claims against SCH. (Case No. 09-1109; Docket No. 10.) Negrón-Matos' coworkers prevailed in their motion to dismiss the claims against them. (Case No. 09-1109, Docket No. 27.) On September 2, 2009, Judge Acosta granted Plaintiffs' motion to voluntarily dismiss claims against the remaining parties. (Case No. 09-1109, Docket No. 61.)
On April 7, 2010, Plaintiffs filed two separate actions before us. The first, Case No. 10-1287, arises from medical care provided by SCH to Negrón-Matos; Plaintiffs claim damages for violations of EMTALA, HIPAA, and Puerto Rico's tort laws by SCH and unknown doctors and insurers. The second suit, Case No. 10-1289, presents a litany of allegations against PREPA, UTIER, and unknown defendants. Claims in that case include violations of HIPAA, OSHA, half of the Bill of Rights, Puerto Rico tort law, and "retaliation and violations to the whistleblower act and other criminal, civil, and labor laws." (Case No. 10-1289, Docket No. 7.)
In its motion to dismiss, SCH argues that: (1) HIPAA provides no private right of action; (2) Plaintiffs' EMTALA claim is time-barred; and (3) Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under EMTALA. (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 4.) SCH also moves for attorney's fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1927. (Id.) Plaintiffs respond by arguing that they have properly pleaded a claim under EMTALA and that equitable tolling preserves that claim. (Civil No. 10-1287, Docket No. 5.)
UTIER moves to dismiss based on Plaintiffs' failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. (Case No. 10-1289, Docket No. 13.) PREPA also argues that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim and, in addition, argues that the case should be dismissed for failure to join a party under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19. (Case No. 10-1289, Docket No. 16.)
II. Dismissal Under Rule 12(b)(6)
A defendant may move to dismiss an action against him, based solely on the complaint, for the plaintiff's "failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). In assessing this motion, we "accept[] all well-pleaded facts as true, and we draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the [plaintiff]." Wash. Legal Found. v. Mass. Bar Found., 993 F.2d 962, 971 (1st Cir. 1993).The complaint must demonstrate "a plausible entitlement to relief" by alleging facts that directly or inferentially support each material element of some legal claim. Gagliardi v. Sullivan, 513 F.3d 301, 305 (1st Cir. 2008) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 559 (2007)). "Specific facts are not necessary; the statement need only give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests."Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 559). An "unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation" will not suffice to demonstrate a plausible entitlement to relief. See Sanchez v. Pereira-Castillo, 590 F.3d 31, 37 (1st Cir. 2009) (quotingAshcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009)).
III. Analysis
A. Claims Under HIPAA and OSHA
Plaintiffs assert claims under HIPAA against all parties and claims under OSHA against PREPA and UTIER. HIPAA creates no private right of action. See Miller v. Nichols, 586 F.3d 53, 59-60 (1st Cir. 2009). Thus, Plaintiffs' claims for damages under HIPAA fail.
Likewise, OSHA confers no private right of action and so these claims also fail. See Pedraza v. Shell Oil, Co., 942 F.2d 48, 52 (1st Cir. 1991) (citing Pratico v. Portland Terminal Co., 783 F.2d 255, 266 (1st Cir. 1985)).
B. Whistleblower Protection Act
Plaintiffs claim that UTIER and PREPA violated an unspecified Whistleblower Protection Act. UTIER has not addressed this claim and PREPA mentions the Whistleblower Protection Act as part of its discussion of retaliation under Title VII, failing to explain how Plaintiffs have not stated a claim under the Whistleblower Protection Act.
To the extent Plaintiffs claim a violation of 5 U.S.C. § 2302 we order dismissal sua sponte. See Gonzalez-Gonzalez v. United States, 257 F.3d 31, 36-37 (1st Cir. 2001) (holding that sua-sponte dismissals will be upheld where "the allegations contained in the complaint, taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff are patently meritless and beyond all hope of redemption.") The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989, by its terms, applies only to federal employees. See generally 5 U.S.C. § 2103 (defining "employee," as later used in § 2302, to be one who is employed in the federal civil service). We see no manner in which employees of a Commonwealth-affiliated utility company could be classified as federal employees for purposes of the Whistleblower Protection Act. Therefore, we find any claims under the Whistleblower Protection Act to be patently meritless. We consider claims under Puerto Rico's Whistleblower Protection Act in part III.F., infra.
C. EMTALA Claims Against SCH and Unknown Parties
Plaintiffs claim that the care SCH and its physicians provided to Negrón-Santiago violated EMTALA. SCH argues that Plaintiffs' EMTALA claims are time-barred because this suit was filed over two years after the alleged violation of EMTALA. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(d)(2)(C) ("No action may be brought under [civil enforcement] more than two years after the date of the violation with respect to which the action is brought."). In response, Plaintiffs claim that we should recognize equitable tolling in this case because SCH was a cause for their delay in filing the case. (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 5.) In support, Plaintiffs state that SCH never answered the complaint in the prior case and "had control of all the documents (medical records), evidence, and witnesses (physicians, medical support personnel, nurses, and others) but failed to provide any of then [sic] to the plaintiff before filing the motion to dismiss. Rule 26 was never conducted." (Id.)
It is unclear whether equitable tolling applies to EMTALA's limitations provision; the First Circuit has yet to squarely address the issue. The Supreme Court recently noted that "nonjurisdictional" statutes of limitations carry a "rebuttable presumption in favor of equitable tolling." Holland v. Florida, 130 S.Ct. 2549, 2560 (2010) (citing Irwin v. Dep't of Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89, 95-96 (1990). A "nonjurisdictional" statute of limitations is one that "seek[s] primarily to protect defendants against stale or unduly delayed claims." John R. Sand Gravel Co. v. United States, 552 U.S. 130, 133 (2007). A "jurisdictional" statute of limitations, on the other hand, has broader "system-related goal[s]" like advancing judicial efficiency, facilitating the administration of claims, and limiting the waiver of sovereign immunity. Id.
For those statutes of limitation to which equitable tolling applies, a litigant who seeks tolling must establish at least two elements: "(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstances stood in his way."Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418 (2005). The First Circuit expands upon this test and considers the following five factors: "(1) a lack of actual notice of a time limit; (2) a lack of constructive notice of a time limit; (3) diligence in the pursuit of one's rights; (4) an absence of prejudice to a party opponent; and (5) the claimant's reasonableness in remaining ignorant of the limit." Neves v. Holder, 613 F.3d 30, 36 n. 5 (1st Cir. 2010) (quoting Jobe v. INS, 238 F.3d 96, 100 (1st Cir. 2001)).
In this case, Plaintiffs do not proffer an extraordinary circumstance that prevented them from timely filing this suit. The existence of evidence in SCH's possession that Plaintiffs do not have access to in the pre-discovery phase is not, standing alone, extraordinary. Plaintiffs have not demonstrated how this information in SCH's possession prevents Plaintiffs from pleading a prima-facie claim under EMTALA. Furthermore, Plaintiffs have made no showing as to how they diligently pursued their rights following the dismissal of their previous suit. Thus, we find that Plaintiffs' EMTALA claims against SCH and unknown doctors and insurers are time-barred.
D. Claims Against UTIER
UTIER argues that Plaintiffs' Title VII claim must fail because Plaintiffs have made no plausible claim of discrimination. Title VII prohibits labor organizations from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(c). Plaintiffs have failed to plead any basis for discrimination. From the facts in the complaint we cannot infer that Negrón-Matos was assaulted on the basis of some improper discriminatory animus. Similarly, there is no indication from the pleadings that Plaintiff Negrón-Santiago filed claims with UTIER of discriminatory conduct towards Negrón-Matos or himself, which would trigger the anti-retaliation protections of Title VII. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a).
Plaintiffs' § 1983 claims are equally ill-fated. UTIER argues that it is not a state actor and, thus, cannot be held liable for violations of constitutional rights. Plaintiffs do not provide the slightest argument as to UTIER's acting under color of state law. Therefore, Plaintiffs' claims of violations of the First, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, and Eight Amendments also fail.
E. Claims Against PREPA
Plaintiffs' Title VII claims against PREPA suffer from the same infirmities as the Title VII claims against UTIER. Title VII prohibits employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of race, color, sex, or national origin. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). The complaint does not state, and we cannot reasonably infer from the factual recitation, that PREPA discriminated against Negrón-Matos or any Plaintiffs on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Nor is there any indication that a claim for discrimination on such grounds led to retaliation by PREPA against Plaintiffs.
PREPA argues that Plaintiffs have failed to satisfy the pleading standards for their various Constitutional claims under § 1983. We agree. Plaintiffs do not allege, and we are unable to infer from the facts pleaded, how the First, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Eighth, or Fourteenth Amendments were violated by PREPA. It is unclear how the injuries alleged — Negrón-Matos' death, failure to pay insurance benefits, repeated drug tests of Negrón-Santiago, and the loss of test results for Negrón-Santiago's power meter — violated any Constitutional rights. Instead, we are presented with a blanket assertion that "constitutional rights (U.S. Constitution) under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, and Eight, and Fourteen [sic] Amendment, the laws of the United States and other rights under state and federal labor laws were and continue to be violated by co-defendants; Prepa, UTIER." (Case No. 1289, Docket No. 7.) The complaint's factual recitation might allow us to infer the pleading of a tort claim against PREPA for Negrón-Matos' death or for the failure to pay Plaintiffs certain insurance benefits. It does not, however, lead us to infer the violation of any Constitutional rights.
F. Supplemental Claims
Because we have disposed of all federal claims, we decline supplemental jurisdiction over their claims arising under Puerto Rico law. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3).
IV. Attorney's Fees
SCH moves for the provision of attorney's fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, arguing that Plaintiffs' attorney unreasonably and vexatiously filed this suit.
Section 1927 holds an attorney personally responsible for "excess costs, expenses, and attorneys' fees reasonably incurred" by the opposing party as a result of that attorney's "unreasonably and vexatiously" multiplying the proceedings in a case. The First Circuit has noted that the vexatious conduct prohibited by § 1927 is judged by an objective standard that anticipates conduct more severe than "negligence, inadvertence, or incompetence" but does not require a showing of subjective bad faith. Cruz v. Savage, 896 F.2d 626, 631-32 (1st Cir. 1990).
[I]f an attorney's conduct in multiplying proceedings is unreasonable and harassing or annoying, sanctions may be imposed under section 1927. The attorney need not intend to harass or annoy by his conduct nor be guilty of conscious impropriety to be sanctioned. It is enough that an attorney acts in disregard of whether his conduct constitutes harassment or vexation, thus displaying a "serious and studied disregard for the orderly process of justice."Id. at 632 (quoting United States v. Nesglo, Inc., 744 F.2d 887, 891 (1st Cir. 1984)).
In the present case, we cannot deny that the pleadings filed by Plaintiffs' attorney are bad, even bordering on terrible. The pleading of claims under HIPAA and OSHA, which even the most rudimentary research would have revealed not to confer private rights of action, is but the opening salvo in a barrage of incompetence — the likes of which we see all too often. Plaintiffs' attorney clearly "cut and pasted" the text of the complaint from the prior case before Judge Acosta, neglecting to remove references to co-defendants who were not named in the present suit. Despite SCH's motion to dismiss in the prior case putting him on notice of the glaring infirmities of his EMTALA pleading, Plaintiffs' attorney recycled, verbatim, that EMTALA pleading in this case.
We cannot conclude, however, that this incompetence is an example of the kind of "serious and studied disregard for the orderly process of justice" envisioned by § 1927.
V. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we hereby GRANT Defendants' motions to dismiss (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 4) (Case No. 10-1289, Docket Nos. 13; 16). We DENY SCH's motion for attorney's fees (Case No. 10-1287, Docket No. 4).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
San Juan, Puerto Rico, this 16th day of February, 2011.