JOHN W. PECK, Circuit Judge.

Defendant-appellee Mahoning and Trumbull County Building Trades Welfare Fund (hereinafter "Fund"), a multi-union employer-funded trust established through 29 U.S.C. § 186(c)(5) (Supp. V 1975), amended its eligibility rules on April 22, 1969, to provide that

"[t]he eligibility of an employee will terminate on the date the union which represents him for collective bargaining purposes ceases to participate in the Welfare Fund. Only the disabilities incurred prior to the withdrawal of the union from the fund will be honored."

Previously, an employee's eligibility for benefits continued beyond the withdrawal of his union until the time period (approximately three to six months) for which his employer had prepaid (approximately $180.00 to $360.00) for coverage expired. In effect, the amended rule would forfeit eligibility coverage stemming from employer prepayments and an employee's Hour Bank which an employee of a withdrawing union would otherwise have.

Plaintiffs-appellants, a union local (hereinafter "Local") and its business manager, sued for declaratory and injunctive relief against the amended rule, seeking authority to withdraw from the Fund without forfeiting prepaid and "hour-banked" eligibility coverage. Plaintiffs challenged the amended rule as violating the Labor Management Relations Act § 302, 29 U.S.C. § 186(c)(5), requirement that the trust fund be "for the sole and exclusive benefit" of the contributing employer's employees and as breaching the trustees' fiduciary duty by being "arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable and against public policy."

After trial, the district court granted judgment for defendants-appellees Fund and its trustees. The court reasoned that the amended rule was neither a violation of 29 U.S.C. § 186, arbitrary, capricious, nor violative of fiduciary duties.

On appeal, plaintiffs reassert their earlier claims, but with greatest emphasis the claim that the amended rule violates 29 U.S.C. § 186(c)(5). We, however, affirm the judgment of the district court.

LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS ACT SECTION 302, 29 U.S.C. § 186

Plaintiffs claim that we should invalidate the amended rule because with its adoption the Fund ceased to be "for the sole and exclusive benefit" of employees of contributing employers, thereby losing the subsection 186(c)(5) exemption from the subsection 186(a) and 186(b) criminal proscription of the payment, lending, or delivering of "money or other thing[s] of value" from employers to the Fund as a "representative" of employees.

Even assuming that the "sole and exclusive benefit" requirement applies to trustees' rule-making, in addition to the "establish[ment]" of qualified trusts, compare Johnson v. Botica, 537 F.2d 930 (7th Cir. 1976); Nixon v. O'Callaghan, 392 F. Supp. 1081, 1085 (S.D.N.Y. 1975); Wynn v. Heller, 391 F. Supp. 507, 511 (S.D.N.Y. 1975); Toensing v. Brown, 374 F. Supp. 191 (N.D.Cal. 1974), aff'd, 528 F.2d 69 (9th Cir. 1975); Insley v. Joyce, 330 F. Supp. 1228 (N.D.Ill. 1971); Giordani v. Hoffmann, 295 F. Supp. 463 (E.D.Pa. 1969), with Bowers v. Moreno, 520 F.2d 843 (1st Cir. 1975); DeLoraine v. MEBA Pension Trust, 355 F. Supp. 89, 6 EPD ¶ 8982 (S.D.N.Y. 1973), aff'd. on other grounds, 499 F.2d 49 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1009, 95 S.Ct. 329, 42 L.Ed.2d 284 (1974); and Fiorelli v. Kelewer, 339 F. Supp. 796 (E.D.Pa. 1972), and assuming that subsections 186(c)(5) and 186(e) would authorize the district court to invalidate a rule violating the "sole and exclusive benefit" requirement, rather than just criminalizing payments to a fund failing to comply with such requirements, see Blassie v. Kroger Co., 345 F.2d 58, 68 (8th Cir. 1965), we find no violation of the requirement in the trustees' adoption of the amended rule.

Though several courts seemingly have assessed eligibility standards only against an "arbitrary or capricious" type standard, see Botica, supra, 537 F.2d 930; Giler v. Board of Trustees, 509 F.2d 848, 849 (9th Cir. 1974); Gomez v. Lewis, 414 F.2d 1312, 1316 (3rd Cir. 1969); Roark v. Lewis, 130 U.S.App.D.C. 360, 401 F.2d 425, 429 (1968); Toensing, supra, 374 F. Supp. at 198, 202; Lugo v. Employees Retirement Fund, 366 F. Supp. 99, 102-103 (E.D.N.Y. 1973); Insley v. Joyce, 330 F. Supp. 1228, 1233-34 (N.D.Ill. 1971), an eligibility standard, in our view, conceivably could violate the "sole and exclusive benefit" requirement without being "arbitrary or capricious." See Botica, supra, 537 F.2d 930; Nelson v. Joyce, 404 F. Supp. 489, 491 (N.D.Ill. 1975). Even so, we view the amended rule as being valid. But see Raymond v. Hoffmann, 284 F. Supp. 596 (E.D.Pa. 1966).

We are particularly unwilling to invalidate the amended rule where there is no intimation of bribery, extortion, or union misuse of funds that would strike at the purposes of section 186, see Arroyo v. United States, 359 U.S. 419, 79 S.Ct. 864, 867-869, 3 L.Ed.2d 915 (1959), but cf. Local No. 2 v. Paramount Plastering, Inc., 310 F.2d 179, 186 (9th Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 372 U.S. 944, 83 S.Ct. 935, 9 L.Ed.2d 969 (1963), where the trustees adopted the rule in their legitimate interest of protecting "the long-term viability" of the Fund, where the contributions of the local's employers, though used for employees of other contributing employers, would not be used for "outsiders" to the Fund, Blassie, supra, 345 F.2d at 75-76; Crawford v. Cianciulli, 357 F. Supp. 357, 368 (E.D.Pa. 1973), and where the precipitating cause of the contributions being used for employees of other contributing employers is the Local voluntary action of withdrawal from the Fund rather than some involuntary act. Compare Giler, supra, with Lee v. Nesbitt, 453 F.2d 1309 (9th Cir. 1971).

That the amended rule results in certain employers' contributions being used for other than their employees does not violate the "sole and exclusive benefit" requirement. E.g., Giler, supra; Cianciulli, supra, 357 F. Supp. 357; Fiorelli, supra, 339 F. Supp. 796; Insley, supra, 330 F. Supp. at 1232. See Gomez, supra, 414 F.2d 1312. Such imprecision is part and parcel of a pooled fund specifically authorized through 29 U.S.C. § 186(c)(5).

Plaintiffs do not challenge the district court finding that the amended rule was adopted to protect "the long-term viability of the trust fund." That the trustees so acted does not violate the "sole and exclusive benefit" requirement, for the trustees "must . . . certainly consider . . . the long-term viability of the trust fund." Toensing, supra, 374 F. Supp. at 196. See Gomez, supra, 414 F.2d at 1316; Gaydosh v. Lewis, 133 U.S.App.D.C. 274, 410 F.2d 262, 266 (1969).

Because we have found no violation of the "sole and exclusive benefit" requirement, it is unnecessary to consider plaintiffs' argument that there can be no waiver of section 186 requirements. Moglia v. Geohegan, 403 F.2d 110, 117 (2d Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 919, 89 S.Ct. 1193, 22 L.Ed.2d 453 (1969) (equitable estoppel cannot supply missing writing); Paramount Plastering, supra, 310 F.2d 179 (cannot establish fund for purpose not within section 186(c)). But waiving benefits to a section 186 fund by withdrawing from the Fund or changing jobs (see, e.g., Giler, supra) differs from waiving section 186 procedural requirements.

The district court found no violation of state fiduciary standards, and on appeal plaintiffs have failed to seriously challenge that finding. Even though state law may be plaintiffs' "primary" protection, see Bricklayers, Masons, and Plasterers International Union v. Stuart Plastering Co., 512 F.2d 1017, 1025-1026 (5th Cir. 1975), plaintiffs' appellate brief cites no Ohio cases in support of a state law fiduciary violation.

Having concluded that the amended rule is neither arbitrary nor capricious for the section 186 claim, and in the absence of on-point state authority, we hold that the rule does not violate the trustees' state law fiduciary duty. See Botica, supra.

Affirmed.