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holding that a company was not an indispensable party in a dispute between a writer and his former employer as complete relief could be accorded without non-parties being present
Summary of this case from Gianatasio v. D'AgostinoOpinion
No. 02 Civ. 8945.
February 4, 2011.
Ganfer Shore, LLP, by: Steven J. Shore, Esq., Ira Brad Matetsky, Esq., William Andrew Jaskola, Esq., New York, NY, for Plaintiff Stan Lee.
Haynes and Boone, LLP, by: David Fleischer, Esq., Sarah Jacobson, Esq., New York, NY, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky Walker, LLP, by: Jodi Aileen Kleinick, Esq., New York, NY, for Defendant Marvel Entertainment, LLC.
Dunnington, Bartholow Miller, LLP, by: Raymond James Dowd, Esq., Luke McGrath, Esq., New York, NY, for Intervener, Stan Lee Media, Inc.
OPINION
Stan Lee Media, Inc. ("SLMI") has moved presumably under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 60(b) and 60(d)(3) to vacate the order of dismissal of April 27, 2005 (the "April 27 Order"), pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 17 and 19 to intervene and to substitute SLMI for the plaintiff Stan Lee ("Lee" or the "Plaintiff"), pursuant to Rule 15, for leave to file an amended complaint dating back to November 12, 2002, the date Lee filed his complaint, and pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24 to intervene in order to vacate the Court's 2004 order sealing certain documents. From the conclusions set forth below, the motions are denied.
These motions constitute an effort to reverse certain results of agreements and litigation reaching back to before 1998 involving Lee and his relations with the defendants Marvel Enterprises, Inc. and Marvel Characters, Inc. ("Marvel" or the "Defendant") which resulted in highly successful Marvel comic book characters such as Spider-Man, The Fantastic Four, The Incredible Hulk, X-Men, Daredevil, Silver Surfer, Iron Man and others (the "Characters"), including three certain actions in this court, the instant action, Stan Lee Media, Inc. v. Marvel Entertainment, Inc., 07 Civ. 2238 (PAC) and Abadin et al. v. Marvel Entertainment, Inc., 09 Civ. 0715 (PAC). These parties have also litigated actions in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, the Bankruptcy Court of the Southern District of New York and the Colorado state courts. Because of the success of the Characters and the conflicting claims concerning their rights, it has been difficult to achieve finality. The resolution which follows is one such effort.
The Parties
Lee is a veteran comic book writer and editor who created or co-created many of America's best known comic book characters. For decades, Lee was employed by Marvel and its predecessors. In 1998, after Marvel terminated Lee's prior employment agreement, Lee began to work for a new company, Stan Lee Enterprises ("SLE"), the alleged predecessor to SLMI. The SLE/Lee Employment Agreement, however, recognized that Lee would be spending 10 to 15 hours per week working for Marvel pursuant to an agreement between Lee and Marvel. In January 2001, Lee terminated the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement based on SLMI's material breaches, including SLMI's failure to pay his salary.
Marvel, currently Marvel Entertainment, LLC, successor by merger of Marvel Entertainment, Inc., which is formerly known as Marvel Enterprises, Inc., is a publisher of comic books and holder of rights with respect to the Characters.
Prior Proceedings
The complaint in this action was filed by Lee on November 12, 2002 and sought damages, declaratory relief, specific performance and an accounting arising from Marvel's alleged breach of paragraph 4(f) of the Marvel/Lee Employment Agreement entered into in November 1, 1998. After extensive discovery, both parties filed motions for partial summary judgment.
An opinion and order dated January 17, 2005 (the "January 17 Order") granted in part and denied in part each of the parties' summary judgment motions. The parties thereafter agreed to the terms of a settlement and on or about April 27, 2005 a stipulation and order dismissing with prejudice all claims asserted in the action was entered (the "April 27 Order"). Stan Lee v. Marvel Enterprises, Inc., 386 F. Supp.2d 235 (S.D.N.Y. 2005).
The instant motions by SLMI were heard on October 6, 2010.
SLMI
SLMI was an internet-based publicly held production and marketing company cofounded in or about July 1999 by Lee and Peter F. Paul ("Paul"), a thrice convicted felon currently serving a 10-year prison term for manipulating the publicly traded stock of SLMI before its collapse in early 2001. On February 16, 2001, SLMI and its wholly-owned subsidiary filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California. In August 2002, SLM-CO was administratively dissolved by the Colorado Secretary of State. The jointly administered bankruptcy cases were dismissed (for failure to pay U.S. Trustee fees).
In November and December 2006, several associates of Paul, including Christopher Belland ("Belland"), purported to hold SLMI shareholder meetings and elect a board of directors and adopted resolutions, inter alia, authorizing the recapitalization of SLMI by means of a 100 to 1 reverse split, authorizing the issuance of 6,000,000 shares of new common stock plus 6,000,000 warrants or options. The newly authorized shares were issued to members of the board, Paul's mother and Belland. The latter issuances represented 96.6% of all post-split shares of SLMI outstanding and purported to dilute the shareholdings of all other previous shareholders of SLMI to less than a 3.4% stake in the company.
Belland petitioned the Colorado District Court to order an annual meeting of SLMI shareholders to elect a board and to reinstatement the corporation. The Colorado District Court appointed a special master, Cathy Krendl (the "Special Master"), to oversee the SLMI meeting, held on December 20, 2007. On June 27, 2008 the Colorado District Court granted Lee's motion for an order removing the board based on its members' past misconduct. Fleisher Decl. Ex. 22 (Lee motion to bar directors); Fleisher Decl. Ex. 23 (order dated June 27, 2008).
On or about September 3, 2008, P.F.P. Family Holdings, L.P. ("Paul Holdings"), one of Paul's affiliates named in his indictment, petitioned the Colorado District Court to direct the holding of a special meeting of SLMI shareholders to elect a board of directors and vote upon the reinstatement of SLMI. A shareholders' meeting was held on December 15, 2008 under the supervision of the Colorado District Court and the Special Master. On February 9, 2009 the Special Master issued a report concluding that an insufficient number of shares were present at the meeting to establish a quorum and, as a result, no directors were elected and the corporation was not reinstated. The Colorado District Court adopted the Special Master's report.
Paul Holdings appealed and on May 27, 2010, the Colorado Court of Appeals issued an order reversing the Colorado District Court's decision. P.F.P. Family Holdings, L.P. v. Stan Lee Media, Inc., No. 09 CA 899, 2010 WL 2105869 (Colo. App. May 27, 2010). On October 18, 2010, the Supreme Court denied Lee's petition for certiorari. Stan Lee Media, Inc. v. P.F.P. Family Holdings, L.P., No. 10 SC 451, 2010 WL 4159672 (Colo. Oct. 18, 2010).
Related Litigation
On March 15, 2007, SLMI commenced an action against Marvel in this Court entitled Stan Lee Media, Inc. v. Marvel Entertainment, Inc., 07 Civ. 2238 (PAC). SLMI's complaint alleged that in the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement, Lee assigned to SLMI the rights to the Characters. SLMI was represented by King Spalding LLC. The action was assigned to the Honorable Paul A. Crotty. Discovery proceeded between SLMI and Marvel, including Marvel's production to SLMI of all the documents that SLMI is seeking to unseal in its motion to intervene. After 2008, the Colorado court granted a motion to remove three members of SLMI's board of directors on June 27, 2008, described above, SLMI's counsel obtained leave to withdraw, and SLMI failed to engage a successor. On September 9, 2008, Judge Crotty dismissed SLMI's action against Marvel without prejudice.
On January 26, 2009, four alleged shareholders of SLMI, José Abadin ("Abadin"), Nelson Thall ("Thall"), John Petrovitz ("Petrovitz"), and Belland, filed a shareholder derivative suit in this Court on behalf of SLMI, Abadin v. Marvel Entertainment, Inc., 09 Civ. 715 (PAC) (the "Abadin Action"). The defendants were Marvel and several of its affiliates and officers, Lee, Lee's wife and daughter, and Arthur M. Lieberman (Lee's attorney).
In April 2009, the plaintiffs in the Abadin Action filed an Amended Complaint dropping as plaintiffs Thall and Petrovitz, leaving Abadin and Belland as the named representatives for SLMI's shareholders and dropping as defendants Lee's wife and daughter.
The Amended Complaint alleged that pursuant to the SLI/Lee Employment Agreement, SLMI owns the intellectual property rights to dozens of Marvel comic book characters that Lee created or co-created and asserted eight claims for relief including trademark and copyright infringement, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of contract. Defendants moved to dismiss all claims.
On March 31, 2010, Judge Crotty issued an order reiterating his denial of Plaintiffs' request for leave to file the Second Amended Complaint and granting Lee's and Marvel's motions to dismiss the Amended Complaint. Abadin v. Marvel Entertainment, Inc., No. 09 Civ. 715, 2010 WL 1257519 (S.D.N.Y. March 31, 2010). With respect to the request for leave to further amend, Judge Crotty stated:
The Court recognizes that leave [to amend] should be "freely" given, but only "when justice so requires." Here, allowing leave to replead, would work a manifest injustice.
The transaction [underlying Abadin's claims] is now more than a decade old. Plaintiffs have been attempting to initiate the proceeding in this Court now for more than three years; in Colorado Supreme Court for more than half a decade; for three years in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California; and in a bankruptcy proceeding involving SLMI, which began in February, 2001 and continued to December, 2006. There has also been class action litigation in the Central District of California involving these same parties, as well as a settlement thereof. Moreover, one of the princip[al] instigators of litigation involving SLMI is a convicted felon who manipulated SLMI's stock. Finally, the proposed amended pleading is the fourth such pleading dealing with SLMI's allegations against Marvel and Lee here in the Southern District.
* * *
Given the pleading history here in this District, the Colorado State Court proceedings, the three companion actions in the Central District of California, the class action suit and settlement, and a 5 year bankruptcy case, it is now time to call a halt.Id. at *4 (footnote omitted).
Judge Crotty held that the named derivative shareholders were not SLMI shareholders at the time of the relevant underlying events and therefore lacked standing to sue derivatively under Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1 and Colorado law, and that insofar as plaintiffs were asserting claims against Lee, such claims were previously released by all SLMI shareholders in the 2002 settlement of a federal securities class action. Id. at *5.
Judge Crotty then dismissed each of Plaintiffs' eight claims for relief in the Amended Complaint on grounds specific to each claim.
Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id. Id.
• Count I of the Complaint asserted a claim for copyright infringement, based on the allegation that Lee had assigned his ownership of comic book characters to SLMI in the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement of 1998. The Court held, inter alia, that SLMI's copyright claim was time-barred and was barred under the doctrines of laches and estoppel. In reaching this conclusion, Judge Crotty observed that Lee had repudiated the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement in January 2001 and that any objection SLMI might assert to the termination was long since time-barred. He also found that "Lee has been using his own characters since at least 1999. Plaintiffs cannot wait a decade to enforce their rights." at *6. • Count II asserted a Lanham Act claim against Lee and Marvel. This too was dismissed as time-barred, because Defendants' alleged violations of SLMI's rights had continued, openly and notoriously, since October or November 1998 and the applicable statute of limitations is six years. • Count III asserted that Lee had breached the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement. The statute of limitations on this claim began to run in January 2001, when Lee gave notice that he was terminating the agreement, and had expired long before this action was filed in 2009. • Count IV asserted a tortious interference claim against Marvel and Lieberman. The Court dismissed this claim as insufficiently pleaded and implausible, as well as time-barred. • Count V asserted a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. This claim was dismissed as being improperly duplicative of Plaintiffs' other claims, internally inconsistent, and time-barred. at *7. • Count VI asserted a claim for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty against Marvel and Lieberman. Its "allegations [were] wholly conclusory", implausible, and insufficient. The three-year statute of limitations had long since expired. • Counts VII and VIII sought to impose a constructive trust and require an accounting. Because all the substantive counts were being dismissed for various reasons including the statutes of limitations, there was no basis for granting either of these remedies.With respect to all claims, Judge Crotty rejected the plaintiffs' contention that the applicable statutes of limitations should be tolled, observing that the plaintiffs were seeking "to obliterate the statute of limitations." Id. at *6 n. 5. In this regard, Judge Crotty further observed:
As all of the Complaints make clear . . ., Lee's and Marvel's alleged conduct was neither secret nor clandestine, but rather open and notorious. . . . There is no reason to toll the statute of limitations on any of the Counts asserted in the Complaint. Further, there is every reason to apply the doctrine[s] of laches and estoppel to Plaintiffs' claims; they have waited too long and it is now time to bring this matter to a close. Id.
The Abadin plaintiffs appealed the dismissal of their action to the Court of Appeals. The appeal was dismissed on their failure to prosecute the appeal. Abadin v. Marvel Entertainment, Inc., No. 10-1717 (2d Cir. Dec. 29, 2010).
In April 2009, Abadin filed a second federal derivative suit against Lee in the Central District of California, captionedAbadin v. Lee, and reasserted many of the same claims that he was simultaneously pursuing against Lee in this court. Another action, SLMI v. Lee, also brought in the Central District of California, has been stayed by order of Judge Wilson.
The Motion To Vacate The April 27 Order Is Denied
SLMI has contended that the orders issued in the present case, the January 17 Order and the April 27 Order, should be vacated pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 60, asserting that (1) the orders are void under Rule 60(b)(4) (SLMI Mem. at 18); (2) that the orders should be set aside under either Rule 60(b)(3) or (d)(3) because they were the product of a fraud on the court (SLMI Mem. at 18-19); (3) that applying the Orders prospectively would be inequitable under Rule 60(b)(5) (SLMI Mem. at 19); and (4) that the Orders were issued while SLMI was in bankruptcy under Rule 60(b)(6) (SLMI Mem. at 19-20).
SLMI's papers are unclear as to whether SLMI intends to rely on Rule 60(b)(3) or Rule 60(d)(3): "Rule 60(b) permits a court to set aside a judgment based on fraud on the court. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(d)(3)." SLMI Mem. at 18.
"Motions for relief under Rule 60(b) are disfavored, and are reserved for exceptional cases." Canale v. Manco Power Sports, LLC, No. 06 Civ. 6131, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69652, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2010); see also Hoffenberg v. United States, No. 00 Civ. 1686, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 40495, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 26, 2010) ("Relief under Rule 60(b) is only warranted if the [party] presents `highly convincing' evidence that demonstrates `extraordinary circumstances' justifying relief.") (citation omitted). As a non-party, SLMI must demonstrate "extraordinary circumstances" justifying Rule 60(b) relief. Federman v. Artzt, 339 Fed. Appx. 31, 33-34 (2d Cir. 2009) (affirming denial of Rule 60(b) motion and "declin[ing] to expand the narrow exception to the general rule that non-parties cannot bring Rule 60(b) motions" absent extraordinary circumstances); see also In re Brittania Bulk Holdings, Inc. Sec. Litig., No. 08 Civ. 9554, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11254, at *6-8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 9, 2010) ("the general principle remains that non-parties may not obtain relief from judgment" pursuant to Rule 60).
SLMI does not qualify for relief pursuant to Rule 60(b)(4), which governss situations where "the judgment is void," because this Court properly exercised federal subject matter jurisdiction over the private dispute between Lee and Marvel until the parties voluntarily resolved their dispute and stipulated to dismiss their claims with prejudice. "[A] judgment may be declared void for want or jurisdiction only when
the court `plainly usurped jurisdiction,' or, put somewhat differently, when `there is a total want of jurisdiction and no arguable basis on which it could have rested a finding that it had jurisdiction.'" Cent. Vermont Pub. Serv. Corp. v. Herbert, 341 F.3d 186, 190 (2d Cir. 2003), quoting Nemaizer v. Baker, 793 F.2d 58, 65 (2d Cir. 1986).
SLMI has contended that it, rather than Lee, was the real party in interest and, as such, the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. However, there is no evidence that SLMI was the real party in interest with respect to Lee's claim for compensation under the Marvel/Lee Employment Agreement. There is no language in the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement granting SLMI any rights to Lee's salary, profit participation or other compensation from Marvel. The court had subject matter jurisdiction over Lee's claims against Marvel pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1332, and SLMI does not appear to contend otherwise.
Furthermore, a claim for Rule 60(b)(4) relief must have been brought within a "reasonable time." See Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(c)(1) ("A motion under Rule 60(b) must be made within a reasonable time"). The most recent of the Orders was entered more than five years before SLMI filed its present motion. Much shorter delays have been held to be unreasonable. See, e.g.,Kellogg v. Strack, 269 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir. 2001) ("Kellogg's motion was made twenty-six months after the entry of the final judgment, a period of time which constitutes a patently unreasonable delay absent mitigating circumstances."); Sonhouse v. Nynex Corp., No. 00-7236, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 22669, at *2 (2d Cir. Sept. 5, 2000) (upholding district court finding that Rule 60(b) motion filed three years after entry of judgment was untimely); Graham v. Sullivan, No. 86 Civ. 163, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9006, at *3-4 (S.D.N.Y. May 10, 2002) (holding that sixteen-month delay in bringing Rule 60(b) motion was unreasonable). In the Abadin Action, those purporting to act on behalf of SLMI sought to excuse the delay in asserting claims because SLMI was subject to the control of the bankruptcy court from February 2001 through December 2006. However, the derivative plaintiffs were free to petition the bankruptcy court to require the debtor to pursue such claims or to allow those plaintiffs to prosecute the claims as SLMI's authorized representatives. See In re Adelphia Communications Corp., 544 F.3d 420, 423-24 (2d Cir. 2008) (upholding district court's conferral of derivative standing to litigation trust to allow for pursuit of bankruptcy debtor's claims); In re BH S B Holdings LLC, 420 BR 112, 152 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (upholding authority of court to authorize interested parties to bring derivative suit on behalf of debtor); In re Copperfield Investments, LLC, 421 B.R. 604, 609 (noting ability of creditors and equity holders of a debtor to bring derivative suit). Further as Judge Crotty has held, Lee cancelled the October 1998 agreement in 2001 and the California statute of limitations has run, barring the SLMI claim. Abadin, 2010 WL 1257519, at *6-7. There are no "mitigating circumstances" presented to justify SLMI's five-year delay in seeking reconsideration of the Orders. SLMI's delay is not reasonable under Rule 60(c)(1).
Insofar as SLMI seeks relief pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(3), its motion is time-barred. Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(3) motions must be made within one year after the entry of the judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(c)(1); see Hoffenberg, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 40495, at *13 (holding 60(b)(3) motion was time-barred where more than one year elapsed since the entry of judgment); Freasier v. Mulderig, No. 87 Civ. 6327, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102008, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2008) (same);Satterfield v. Pfizer, Inc., Nos. 04 Civ. 3872, 98 Civ. 8040, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14923, at *27 (S.D.N.Y. July 18, 2005) (same). Each of Orders SLMI seeks to vacate was entered more than five years before SLMI's motion was filed on July 26, 2010. Further, SLMI was not a party to this action, and Rule 60(b)(3) deals with "fraud, . . . misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party." Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(3).
Insofar as SLMI has asserted Rule 60(d)(3)'s fraud on the court ground for relief, that fraud has not been established. There is no evidence that the January 17 Order dealt with any of the rights which could have been the subject of the 1998 Lee/SLMI assignment. "The standard to prove `fraud on the court' is extremely high, and relief under Rule 60(d) is `narrower in scope than that which is sufficient for relief by timely motion under [Rule] 60(b)(3).'" Aneja v. M.A. Angeliades, Inc., No. 05 Civ. 9678, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3035, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2010), quoting Gleason v. Jandrucko, 860 F.2d 556, 558 (2d Cir. 1988). "Unlike fraud under Rule 60(b)(3), `fraud on the court' is limited to `fraud that seriously affects the integrity of the normal process of adjudication.'" Id. at *5, quoting Gleason, 860 F.2d at 559; see also Thornton v. U.S., No. 06 Civ. 1252, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79010, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 3, 2009) (same). "`Fraud upon the court embraces only that species of fraud which does or attempts to, defile the court itself, or is a fraud perpetrated by officers of the court so that the judicial machinery cannot perform in the usual manner its impartial task of adjudging cases.'" Thornton, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79010, at *7-8, quoting King v. First Am. Investigations, Inc., 287 F.3d 91, 95 (2d Cir. 2002); see also Manti's Transp., Inc. v. Citicapital Commer. Corp., No. 06 Civ. 1699, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29074, at *23-24 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 9, 2008) (same). In order to succeed on a Rule 60(d) motion, "[f]raud upon the court must be established by clear and convincing evidence." Thornton, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79010, at *8, quoting King, 287 F.3d at 95; Manti's Transp., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29074, at *23-24 (same).
The alleged concealment by Lee and Marvel of the existence of the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement, their alleged mutual misrepresentations regarding the action's "real party in interest," and their mutual mischaracterization of the nature and effect of the Marvel/Lee Employment Agreement have not been established. The SLE/Lee Employment Agreement did not relate to the claims being asserted by Lee against Marvel. Furthermore, SLMI has not established that it was the real party in interest with respect to the claims asserted by Lee against Marvel because the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement had been cancelled prior to the initiation of this action. The Marvel/Lee Employment Agreement was before the court in connection with the parties' summary judgment motions, and SLMI's papers do not identify any alleged mischaracterization of the nature or effect of that agreement by either Lee or Marvel.
Conclusory allegations cannot support a claim of fraud on the court under Rule 60(d), and as such this aspect of SLMI's motion must be denied. See, e.g., Aneja, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3035, at *11 (denying relief under Rule 60(d) where plaintiff failed to set forth facts suggesting fraud upon the court); Thornton, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79010, at *9-11 (same); Manti's Transp., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29074, at *22-28 (same).
SLMI has also cited Rule 60(b)(5) alleging that "applying the orders is no longer equitable." SLMI Mem. at 19. It is alleged but not established, that Lee settled his claim in the present action for a percentage of Marvel's profits derived from Lee's alleged ownership of a copyright interest in characters he had created for Marvel. However, Paragraph 4(f) of the Marvel/Lee Employment Agreement, which was at the heart of Lee's claims in this action, did not depend on any alleged copyright interest of Lee in any of Marvel's characters, and the profit participation was not limited to profits derived from the exploitation by Marvel of characters Lee helped to create. By its terms Paragraph 4(f) extended to profits derived from the television or movie exploitation of any Marvel character. Even if Lee had a copyright interest in any of Marvel's characters, which he has not claimed nor has been established, and even if Lee had assigned such interest to SLMI, which has not been established, SLMI would not thereby have acquired an interest in Lee's profit participation any more than it would have acquired an interest in Lee's regular annual compensation. SLMI has failed to establish that the disposition of Lee's claims in this action had any effect on SLMI, no less an inequitable effect.
A party may move for relief pursuant to Rule 60(b)(5) "if changed circumstances make it no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application." Project Strategies Corp. v. Nat'l Commc'ns. Corp., No. 94 Civ. 4925, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21066, at *4-5 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 1995). Rule 60(b)(5) relief often arises in the context of "institutional reform litigation," in which prospective reforms embodied in judgments are reviewed for inequitable application because of changed circumstances. See, e.g., Horne v. Flores, 129 S.Ct. 2579, 2593 (2009) (noting that injunctions tend remain in force for long periods of time in such cases, warranting reexamination). No authority has been cited where the Rule has been applied where a private litigant seeks to unwind a settlement agreement entered into between two other parties. Because there are no "changed circumstances of the kind which are contemplated by the Rule," SLMI is not entitled to relief Under Rule 60(b)(5). Hallmark Cards, Inc. v. JTK Corp., No. 88 Civ. 3890, 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7704, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. May 20, 1992) (denying Rule 60(b)(5) relief where "there exists no change of circumstances sufficient to justify relief from the []judgment.")
Further, discretionary relief sought under Rule 60(b)(5) is equitable in nature and a consideration should be given as to whether the moving party has acted equitably or suffers from unclean hands. Motorola Credit Corp. v. Uzan, 561 F.3d 123, 128-29 (2d Cir. 2009) (taking into consideration the fact that party acted with unclean hands in denying Rule 60 relief); see also Sony Corp. v. S.W.I. Trading, Inc., 104 F.R.D. 535, 541 (S.D.N.Y. 1985) (same); 12 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore's Federal Practice § 60.22[5] (3d ed. 2008) ("The relief provided by Rule 60(b) is equitable in nature and, in exercising its discretion under Rule 60(b), a court may always consider whether the moving party has acted equitably.").
The pattern of litigation undertaken by the purported "real parties in interest," described above, and the timing of these proceedings indicate that the purpose of this application to vacate the Orders in this action and to substitute SLMI as a plaintiff and realign Lee as a defendant is to assert a new claim relating back to the initiation of this action in order to avoid Judge Crotty's ruling that this new claim is time-barred. That purpose does not invoke equity or establish clean hands.
SLMI also has sought relief under Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(6) because it was in bankruptcy when the Orders were issued. However, Rule 60(b)(6) grants federal courts authority to relieve a party from final judgment provided that a motion "is not premised on one of the grounds for relief enumerated in clauses (b)(1) through (b)(5)." Warren v. Napoli, No. 05 Civ. 8438, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77594, at *11 n. 3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2010),quoting Aczel v. Labonia, 584 F.3d 52, 69 (2d Cir. 2009); see also Stefanopolous v. City of New York, No. 01 Civ. 771, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3324, at *7-8 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 17, 2007) (acknowledging that Rule 60(b)(6) relief "is reserved for grounds for consideration which are not already recognized in the first five subsections of Rule 60(b)."); Scherer v. City of New York, No. 03 Civ. 8445, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68139, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 7, 2007) ("A party may not depend on the broad `any other reason' provision of Rule 60(b)(6) where the basis for the Rule 60(b) motion may be construed under any other clause of Rule 60(b)."). Since SLMI has not articulated any ground for relief other than those arising under Rule 60(b)(3), (4) or (5), relief under Rule 60(b)(6) relief is unavailable.
Even if SLMI could seek relief pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6), it has set forth neither the "extraordinary circumstances" nor the "extreme and undue hardship" required to prevail under such a motion. Canale, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69652, at *14. As SLMI's own case law acknowledges, "Rule 60(b)(6) has been used sparingly as an equitable remedy to prevent manifest injustice. The rule is to be utilized only where extraordinary circumstances prevented a party from taking timely action to prevent or correct an erroneous judgment." U.S. v. Alpine Land Reservoir Co., 984 F.2d 1047, 1049 (9th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 813 (1993) (reversing grant of 60(b)(6) relief where party failed to demonstrate extraordinary circumstances). In order to qualify for such relief, a party must set forth "highly convincing material" in support of its motion. In re Evergreen Mut. Funds Fee Litig., 240 F.R.D. 115, 119 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (Rule 60(b)(6) relief denied where movants' "blanket assertions of extraordinary circumstances and undue hardship [we]re insufficient to support consideration under [Rule 60(b)(6)]."), quoting D'Angelo v. State Farm Fire Cas. Co., 32 Fed. App'x 604, 605 (2d Cir. 2002); see also D'Angelo, 32 Fed. App'x at 605 ("Material offered in support of a motion to vacate under Rule 60(b)(6) must be highly convincing material."). SLMI has not made the necessary showing of extraordinary circumstances under Rule 60(b)(6) to warrant relief.
The Motion To Intervene, To Substitute As Plaintiff And To File An Amended Complaint Is Denied
SLMI erroneously contends that the joinder of SLMI in this action was required pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(a). Rule 19(a) defines those parties who are "necessary" to an action. Fair Hous. in Huntington Comm. v. Town of Huntington, No. 02 Civ. 2787, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68233, at *25 (E.D.N.Y. July 8, 2010), quoting Jonesfilm v. Lion Gate Int'l, 299 F.3d 134, 139 (2d Cir. 2002). A party is necessary under Rule 19(a) either if, in that party's absence, "the court cannot accord complete relief among existing parties," or if a party would not be able to protect its interests if absent from the litigation. Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(a)(1)(A), (B) (emphasis added); Fair. Hous., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68233, at *26. SLMI has argued that it was a necessary party in this action because it claimed an interest in Lee's copyright.
However, Lee's complaint in this action established that claims were for compensation due under the Marvel/Lee Employment Agreement. No claim was presented with respect to Lee or Marvel's copyright interests. Lee and Marvel resolved a private dispute resulting in complete relief between the parties and the judgment entered had no effect on any rights now being asserted by SLMI.See, e.g., Fair Hous., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68233, at *27, *29-30 (holding non-parties were not "necessary" parties under Rule 19 where complete relief could be accorded without non-parties present); Cont'l Cas. Co. v. Am. Home Assurance Co., No. 05 Civ. 7874, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30106, at *7, *10-11 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 14, 2008).
SLMI's application to substitute as a "real party in interest" pursuant to Rule 17(a) fares no better than its application under Rule 19(a). Substitution of a plaintiff pursuant to Rule 17(a) should be granted only where the substitution is "merely formal and in no way alters the original complaint's factual allegations as to the events or the participants." Advanced Magnetics, Inc. v. Bayfront Partners, Inc., 106 F.3d 11, 20 (2d Cir. 1997). SLMI's reliance on Advanced Magnetics is misplaced because the court was applying Rule 17(a) where the "proposed amended complaint submitted to the court . . . was, except for naming the selling shareholders as the plaintiffs on their own claims, virtually identical to the original complaint." Id. at 20. The substitution of plaintiffs was merely formal in nature.
Here, SLMI's proposed amended complaint seeks not only to materially alter the factual allegations and present new claims not at issue in the original complaint, but also to force the substituted party, Lee, to the defendant's side of the caption and assert new claims against him. Such an application of Rule 17(a) is without authority. On its face SLMI's proposed amended complaint presents different claims than the claims litigated between Lee and Marvel in this action, and as such it is not a candidate for Rule 17(a) treatment. See, e.g., Espinosa v. Delgado Travel Agency, Inc., No. 05 Civ. 6917, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71085, at *14-15 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2006) (motion to amend complaint and add plaintiffs denied where amended pleading sought to "alter[] the original complaint's factual allegations as toboth events and participants.") (emphasis in original); Land Mine Enters., Inc. v. Sylvester Builders, Inc., 74 F. Supp. 2d 401, 406 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) ("Land Mine's reliance upon Rule 17(a) is misplaced, for Land Mine seeks not only to change the formal designation of the plaintiff in the complaint but also to amend the complaint to add new factual allegations about events and participants never mentioned in the complaint."); Engines Southwest, Inc. v. Kohler Co., No. 03 Civ. 1460, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 46085, at *12 (W.D. La. July 7, 2006) (denying Rule 17(a) relief where "the substitution sought in this case is not merely a formal name changes seeking to make a technical correction in the name of a corporation. The substitution also alters the original complaint's factual allegations as to the participants . . .").
As discussed above in view of Judge Crotty's determinations, it can well be inferred that the motion to substitute is an effort to avoid the statute of limitations holding by relating the proposed amended complaint back to 2002. However, SLMI's proposed "amended" complaint could not relate back to the filing of Lee's original complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(c).
Rule 15(c) governs when an amended pleading "relates back" to the date of a timely filed original pleading and is thus itself timely even though it was filed outside an applicable statute of limitations:
(1) An amendment to a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading when:
. . .
(C) the amendment changes the party or the naming of the party against whom a claim is asserted, if Rule 15(c)(1)(B) is satisfied and if, within the period provided by Rule 4(m) for serving the summons and complaint, the party to be brought in by amendment:
(i) received such notice of the action that it will not be prejudiced in defending on the merits; and
(ii) knew or should have known that the action would have been brought against it, but for a mistake concerning the proper party's identity.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(c). On its face, Rule 15(c) addresses only the addition of new defendants. The Second Circuit has held, however, that although Rule 15(c) "is framed in terms of an amendment that would change the party `against' whom the claim is asserted and of the new party's ability to maintain a `defense,' it is also applicable to a proposed change of plaintiffs." Espinosa, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71085, at *8, quoting Advanced Magnetics, 106 F.3d at 19.
While "[a]ll courts agree that the notice and prejudice prongs apply, . . . there is disagreement concerning whether the failure originally to name the newly added plaintiff must have been the result of mistake within the meaning of Rule 15(c)(1)(c)." S. African Apartheid Litig. v. Daimler AG, 617 F. Supp. 2d 228, 290 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). Compare Levy v. U.S. Gen. Accounting Office, Nos. 97 Civ. 4016, 97 Civ. 4488, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5567, at *14-15 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 20, 1998) (in order for an amendment adding a new plaintiff to relate back to the original complaint, a party must show: "1) the new plaintiff's claims arise out of the same transaction or occurrence advanced in the original pleading; 2) the defendant received adequate notice of the new plaintiff's claims so as not to be prejudiced in maintaining a defense on the merits; and 3) the defendant knew or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning the new plaintiff's identity, the action would have been brought on that party's behalf.") and Espinosa, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71085, at *11-14 (same) andIn re Integrated Resources Real Estate Ltd. P'ships Secs. Litig., 815 F. Supp. 620, 642 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) ("Additional plaintiffs may be added provided there was both notice to the defendants of the existence of the additional claim and a mistake in the original pleading as to
the proper party.") with In re Simon II Litig., No. 00 Civ. 5332, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25632, at *153 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 22, 2002) (noting that the "mistake" requirement "appears not to be relevant when adding a plaintiff").
SLMI has not established any of the requirements for Rule 15(c) relief, let alone all three. SLMI's claims do not arise out of the same transaction or occurrence advanced in the original pleading, which involved only a claim by Lee against Marvel for breach of the Marvel/Lee Employment Agreement, pursuant to which Lee claimed entitlement to a participation in profits derived by Marvel relating to the utilization of Marvel characters in television or movie productions. Here, SLMI asserts that the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement conveyed to SLMI's predecessor in interest copyright interests supposedly owned by Lee in characters he had created or co-created as a Marvel employee. However, no provision in the SLE/Lee Employment Agreement purports to assign or transfer to SLE compensation related to the Marvel/Lee Employment Agreement. New factual allegations cannot be introduced into the original complaint. See, e.g., Espinosa, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71085, at *11-12 (new plaintiffs' claims did not relate back because they "focus on events, dates, and people that were never mentioned in the original complaint").
Marvel and Lee were not on notice of SLMI's claims based on the allegations in Lee's complaint, which asserted claims relating to a dispute between Marvel and Lee regarding an employment agreement. See, e.g., Hygrade Milk Cream Co., Inc. v. Tropicana Prods., Inc., No. 88 Civ. 2861, 1993 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1222, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 1993) ("[P]laintiffs have not established that defendants had notice of the involvement of the new plaintiffs to merit the relation back of the claims of the new plaintiffs to the original complaint. This case is almost five years old and at some point, defendants should have notice of who their adversaries are.") (internal quotation and citation omitted);Fair. Hous., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68233, at *21-23 (because Rule 15(c) relief is only allowed where defendants "had fair notice of the new plaintiffs' claims . . .," relation back is improper where claims do not arise out of the conduct set forth in the original complaint).
Lee's complaint in this action has been held to be legally sufficient without the inclusion of SLMI as a party. The addition of SLMI as a party plaintiff in the action would have been a non sequitur since SLMI had no interest in the dispute. See, e.g., Martinez v. Robinson, No. 99 Civ. 11911, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5932, at *9-11 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (finding no "mistake" when complaint was legally sufficient without addition of party.); Espinosa, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71085, at *14 (finding no mistake where "plaintiffs have not shown that defendants should have known that this change would occur.").
SLMI's purpose in seeking to intervene and substitute as a plaintiff in this action is to gain the benefit of the relation back doctrine and circumvent the statute of limitations for its wholly separate claims. That tactic is condemned by the courts. See Ceribelli v. Elghanayan, No. 91 Civ. 3337, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13681, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 1994) ("There is nothing in the purpose of the rule which would countenance a situation in which claims, otherwise time-barred, could be resuscitated simply by virtue of the existence of another timely filed lawsuit with common questions of law or fact. Such a result would serve only to frustrate the `salutary purpose [of the statute of limitations] to set stale claims at rest'"),quoting Rutkin v. Reinfeld, 229 F.2d 248, 252 (2d Cir. 1956),cert. denied, 352 U.S. 844 (1956).
The Proposed Amended Complaint Is Barred
As noted above, in denying the Abadin's motion to file a second amended complaint in the Abadin Action, Judge Crotty held that "allowing leave to replead, would work a manifest injustice" in light of the fact that "the transaction [underlying Abadin's claims] is now more than a decade old" and suits have been brought by the plaintiffs for several years across several venues and jurisdictions. Abadin, 2010 WL 1257519, at *4. Judge Crotty also noted that "one of the princip[al] instigators of litigation involving SLMI is a convicted felon who manipulated SLMI's stock" and that "the proposed amended pleading [in Abadin] is the fourth such pleading dealing with SLMI's allegations against Marvel and Lee here in the Southern District." Id. Taking this history into consideration, Judge Crotty concluded that "it is now time to call a halt." Id. Abadin was brought as a derivative case on SLMI's behalf, and most of the grounds upon which Judge Crotty granted Lee and Marvel's motions to dismiss — particularly, the fact that the various claims are all barred by the applicable statutes of limitations and by laches — would be equally applicable to SLMI's proposed amended complaint here. A determination on the merits in a shareholder derivative action will be res judicata in subsequent actions brought by the corporation or other shareholders, including those who were not parties to the prior litigation, so long as the parties' interests were adequately represented in the prior action. See,e.g., Henik v. LaBranche, 433 F. Supp. 2d 372, 380 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) ("A judgment in the stockholders' derivative action is res judicata both as to the corporation and as to all of its stockholders, including stockholders who were not parties to the original action in subsequent actions based upon the same subject matter."), quoting Ratner v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 6 F.R.D. 618, 619 (S.D.N.Y. 1942); see also Amalgamated Sugar Co., LLC v. NL Indus., Inc., 825 F.2d 634, 640 (2d Cir. 1987) (shareholder suit is res judicata upon corporation where interests are "adequately represented"); Ratner, 6 F.R.D. at 619 (same). SLMI's interests were adequately represented in Abadin.
The Motion To Unseal Documents Is Denied
The motion to unseal seeks to obtain access to certain sealed documents filed in this action at the request of the parties to preserve trade secrets more than five years ago. The contention is that these documents may be relevant to an "investigation" being undertaken by SLMI of potential claims it may have against Marvel and Lee. However, twelve days after filing the present motion SLMI filed its motion to vacate, including a proposed amended complaint against Marvel and Lee.
Moreover, the documents to which SLMI seeks access through the present motion were produced to SLMI through its attorneys, King Spalding LLP, on July 1, 2008 in response to a discovery request made pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 34 in Stan Lee Media, Inc. v. Marvel Entertainment, Inc., No. 07 Civ. 2238 (PAC) ("SLMI v. Marvel I"), establishing the motion as moot.
After defendants in the Abadin Action had filed their ultimately successful motions to dismiss the amended complaint, plaintiffs (including Abadin) sought to prosecute discovery, which included obtaining from Marvel documents produced in SLMI v. Marvel I. In an endorsed order dated August 10, 2009 Judge Crotty held as follows: "The request to resume prior discovery and to initiate any new discovery is DENIED. Once the motions to dismiss are decided, there will be ample time for discovery." Abadin v. Marvel Entertainment, No. 09 Civ. 715 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2009) (Docket Entry 28). As noted above, Judge Crotty
thereafter issued an order dated March 31, 2010 dismissing all of plaintiffs' claims in the Abadin Action. In light of the foregoing procedural history, SLMI's present motion must be regarded as an improper attempt to circumvent Judge Crotty's August 10, 2010 decision and should on that ground be denied.
Conclusion
Upon the conclusions set forth above, the motions of SLMI to vacate the Orders of this court, to intervene and realign the parties and to unseal documents are denied.