Opinion
Docket No. 87631.
Decided August 4, 1987. Leave to appeal applied for.
George R. Hamo, for plaintiff.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, and J. Peter Lark, Assistant Attorney General, for defendants Fuller, Cushman, Warmington and Palmer.
Borrello, Thomas Jensen, P.C. (by Michael D. Thomas), for defendants Phelps and Chmielewski.
S. Olaf Karlstrom and Linda M. Olivieri, for defendant Parrish.
Plaintiff Jerry Killian appeals by leave granted from an order of summary disposition in favor of defendants. We affirm.
Plaintiff filed a complaint on November 13, 1984. In his amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that he was arrested on or about October 11, 1979, and charged with the criminal offense of delivery of a controlled substance. The arrest resulted from the efforts of defendant law enforcement officers, all of whom were employed by one of the following agencies: the Department of State Police, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, the Flint Police Department, or the Saginaw County Police Department. In the ensuing criminal proceedings, the circuit court denied Killian's motion raising an entrapment defense, and Killian was thereafter convicted after a guilty plea on January 20, 1981. On June 10, 1982, this Court reversed the conviction on the ground of entrapment. On November 10, 1982, the Supreme Court denied the prosecutor's application for leave to appeal. See People v Killian, 117 Mich. App. 220; 323 N.W.2d 660 (1982), lv den 414 Mich. 944 (1982).
The amended complaint stated two counts, which were entitled: (1) civil conspiracy and (2) infliction of emotional distress. Count I alleged that defendants acted jointly to entrap plaintiff, that defendants conspired to entrap plaintiff, that defendants manufactured or instigated the crime for which plaintiff was convicted, and that defendants' acts were designed to accomplish either an unlawful purpose or a lawful purpose by unlawful means. As the basis for his damages, plaintiff alleged deprivation of his liberty and emotional, mental and financial injury. In Count II, plaintiff alleged that the same acts by defendants constituted outrageous conduct that caused plaintiff severe emotional distress.
The circuit court dismissed the entire complaint. Count I was held not to state a claim upon which relief can be granted because its allegations were inadequate to raise the tort of malicious prosecution. The court denied plaintiff's request to amend Count I because the untimeliness of the amendment would prejudice defendants. Count II was deemed to be barred by the statute of limitations.
On appeal, plaintiff argues that the allegations of Count I were adequate to state a claim for malicious prosecution. Although not clearly indicated by the circuit court, we assume that the disposition of this count was pursuant to either GCR 1963, 117.2(1) or MCR 2.116(C)(8). Under either provision, the motion tests the legal basis of the complaint with reference to the pleadings alone. The allegations of the complaint and all fairly drawn inferences from those allegations are assumed to be true. The test is whether the claim is so unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery. See Kekel v Allstate Ins Co, 144 Mich. App. 379, 381; 375 N.W.2d 455 (1985), lv den 424 Mich. 878 (1986). If it appears that a pleading deficiency can be cured by amendment of the complaint, then the court should grant the plaintiff leave to amend. GCR 1963, 117.3; MCR 2.116(I)(5).
The elements of a malicious prosecution claim are (1) a termination of prior proceedings (instigated by defendant) favorably to the plaintiff, (2) the absence of probable cause for the proceedings, and (3) malice on the part of the defendant. King v Arbic, 159 Mich. App. 452, 465; 406 N.W.2d 852 (1987). Our review of the complaint in the instant case indicates that the draftsman failed to plead the elements of either lack of probable cause or malice. Nevertheless, it appears that the pleading deficiency may have been amenable to cure by amendment.
However, we conclude that the claim of malicious prosecution is deficient for another reason — the facts pleaded by the complaint establish that it is legally impossible for plaintiff to prove that defendants lacked probable cause. More particularly, plaintiff's guilty plea prior to his acquittal on the ground of entrapment establishes conclusively that defendants had probable cause for their role in plaintiff's criminal prosecution.
In arriving at this conclusion, we note that the successful assertion of an entrapment defense neither negates nor establishes probable cause. Entrapment is entirely collateral to the issues of the defendant's guilt or innocence. The entrapment defense reflects a judicial policy to deter overreaching governmental conduct. People v D'Angelo, 401 Mich. 167; 257 N.W.2d 655 (1977). We wish to make clear that our holding is not based on the fact that defendant obtained an acquittal by means of the entrapment defense.
In Tomita v Tucker, 18 Mich. App. 559, 563; 171 N.W.2d 564 (1969), lv den 383 Mich. 769 (1970), it was held that the assertion of an entrapment defense by the civil plaintiff requires as a matter of law the conclusion that the police defendants had probable cause. This holding is based on the theory that the entrapment defense assumes that the criminal defendant (the civil plaintiff) is guilty as charged. See Gedratis v Carroll, 247 Mich. 141, 145; 225 N.W. 625 (1929). This theory is not in accord with more recent pronouncements of our Supreme Court. In D'Angelo, supra, p 179, the Court noted that the entrapment defense is "irrelevant" to "an assessment of guilt or innocence." Accordingly, we decline to base our decision on the holding in Tomita.
The general rule is that a guilty plea is conclusive evidence of probable cause unless that plea was induced by fraud or unfair means. Piechowiak v Bissell, 305 Mich. 486; 9 N.W.2d 685 (1943). See also Nawrocki v Eberhard Foods, Inc, 24 Mich. App. 646, 650-651; 180 N.W.2d 849 (1970), lv den 389 Mich. 753 (1972). In the instant case, plaintiff's complaint does not allege that his plea was in any way improperly obtained or induced. Presumably, the plea taking was conducted in accordance with GCR 1963, 785.7, now MCR 6.101(F), which contains procedural safeguards for the accuracy and voluntariness of the plea. Therefore, the dismissal of the malicious prosecution claim was proper because the claim failed to state a legal basis upon which relief can be granted. Although the circuit court order dismissing Count I did not reach this issue, it is well settled that this Court will not reverse a correct decision reached by the trial court for the wrong reason. Buckeye Union Fire Ins Co v Detroit Edison Co, 38 Mich. App. 325, 332; 196 N.W.2d 316 (1972).
With respect to Count II, plaintiff argues that his claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was not barred by the statute of limitations. Plaintiff argues that the period did not begin to run until the November 10, 1982, decision of the Supreme Court denying leave to appeal this Court's decision reversing plaintiff's criminal conviction. The period of limitations applicable to a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress is three years, as provided by MCL 600.5805(8); MSA 27A.5805(8). Mosley v Federal Department Stores, Inc, 85 Mich. App. 333, 338-340; 271 N.W.2d 224 (1978). The circuit court ruled that the period of limitations began to run at the time of plaintiff's October, 1979, arrest date and that the claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, first filed more than five years thereafter, was untimely. We agree with the circuit court ruling that Count II was by the statute barred.
Generally, a cause of action does not accrue until all elements of the cause have occurred and can be pleaded in a proper complaint. Parisi v Michigan Townships Ass'n, 123 Mich. App. 512, 514; 332 N.W.2d 587 (1983), lv den 417 Mich. 1100.16 (1983). The time of accrual triggers the running of the period of limitations. MCL 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827. The determination whether a motion for accelerated judgment asserting a statute of limitations should be granted requires the court to accept as true all well-pled allegations of the complaint and to construe those allegations favorably to the plaintiff. Arent v Hatch, 133 Mich. App. 700, 704; 349 N.W.2d 536 (1984), lv den 419 Mich. 939 (1984).
The elements of a properly pled claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress are (1) extreme and outrageous conduct perpetrated by the defendant, (2) intent or recklessness on the part of the defendant, and (3) causation of (4) severe emotional distress sustained by the plaintiff. Roberts v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 422 Mich. 594, 602; 374 N.W.2d 905 (1985). However, when a complaint alleges that a police officer's conduct amounts to no more than an insistence on a "legal right in a permissible way," the claim fails because the elements of outrageous conduct and a reckless or intentional state of mind are deficient. Cebulski v City of Belleville, 156 Mich. App. 190, 196; 401 N.W.2d 616 (1986), lv den 428 Mich. 856 (1987). Therefore, in order to sustain plaintiff's claim, it was necessary to show that defendants' conduct giving rise to an entrapment defense exceeded the bounds of what the police could legally do.
We conclude that an actionable claim accrued in October of 1979 because the events relied upon to establish all elements of the emotional distress claim had already occurred at that time. Plaintiff's claim that the unlawful nature of the arrest could only be established by the subsequent criminal proceedings is without merit. Assuming that the police conduct was in fact extreme, outrageous, and reckless or intentional, that conduct was in every way completed after plaintiff's arrest. The subsequent criminal proceedings giving rise to plaintiff's acquittal could not have altered or enhanced that conduct. Undoubtedly, the ultimate resolution of the entrapment issue would have had a significant bearing if this case had proceeded to trial, but the criminal proceedings did not form part of the basic transaction giving rise to plaintiff's civil claim. Unlike a claim for malicious prosecution, the outcome of the criminal proceedings was not an element of a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Cf. Parisi, supra. The question presented is more analogous to a claim for false imprisonment, which accrues at the time of the plaintiff's release from detention. Nawrocki, supra, p 649.
Accordingly, the circuit court order dismissing both counts of plaintiff's complaint was not in error.
Affirmed.