Opinion
Docket No. 181289.
Submitted April 16, 1996, at Grand Rapids.
Decided September 17, 1996, at 9:25 A.M.
Fisher Meyer, P.C. (by Charles R. Meyer, III), for Kirt Helsel, Gary Jones, and Susan Jones.
Read Sharp (by Michael J. Swogger and John W. Sharp), for Robin Morcom.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right from an order granting defendant Robin Morcom's motion for summary disposition. We affirm.
Plaintiffs brought the present action to recover for the April 1993 fire damage to their tree farm. Morcom and defendant Karl Grokau lived together on property owned by Morcom that adjoins the tree farm. Morcom and Grokau burned their domestic trash and did so without incident for approximately three years. Grokau used a fifty-five-gallon steel barrel and wire screen cover with 3/8-inch openings for this purpose. According to Grokau's deposition, on the day at issue, he used the wire screen cover but left the fire unattended while he went to get additional trash from a barn about sixty feet away and returned to find that the fire had spread out of the barrel. Morcom was not home at the time of the fire and was unaware Grokau even planned to burn trash on that day. Morcom's homeowner's insurer determined that Grokau was not an insured under the policy because he was not a relative.
Plaintiffs filed a four-count complaint against Grokau and Morcom alleging violations of MCL 320.25; MSA 13.267(5), negligence, respondeat superior, and trespass. Grokau settled plaintiffs' claim against him by accepting the mediation evaluation of $30,000. The trial court granted Morcom's motion for summary disposition of all four counts of the complaint.
This provision was repealed in May 1995. The current provision covering this subject matter is MCL 324.51504; MSA 13A.51504.
This Court reviews decisions on motions for summary disposition de novo to determine if the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Stehlik v Johnson (On Rehearing), 206 Mich. App. 83, 85; 520 N.W.2d 633 (1994).
MCR 2.116 (C)(10) permits summary disposition when, except for the amount of damages, there is no genuine issue concerning any material fact and the moving party is entitled to [judgment] as a matter of law. A court reviewing such a motion must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and any other evidence in favor of the opposing party and grant the benefit of any reasonable doubt to the opposing party. [ Id.]
The main issue on appeal is whether Morcom can be held liable for the fire damage under MCL 320.25; MSA 13.267(5). This Court has addressed the issue of statutory interpretation:
The primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. The first criterion in determining intent is the specific language of the statute. The Legislature is presumed to have intended the meaning it plainly expressed. [ Indenbaum v Michigan Bd of Medicine (After Remand), 213 Mich. App. 263, 270; 539 N.W.2d 574 (1995) (citations omitted).]
MCL 320.25; MSA 13.267(5) states in pertinent part:
A person shall not:
* * *
(b) Set fire, or cause, or procure the setting on fire of any flammable material on or adjacent to forest land without taking reasonable precautions, both before and after lighting the fire, and at all times thereafter to prevent escape thereof or leave the fire before it is extinguished.
Plaintiffs focus on the "procure" language of the statute and contend that the statute required Morcom both to take reasonable precautions for Grokau's conduct before and after the fire was set and to ensure that he did not leave the fire before it was extinguished. The language of the statute does not bear out this reading.
Initially, we note that it is unclear whether Morcom "procured" the fire at issue. "Procure" is defined as "to obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means" or "to bring about, especially by complicated or indirect means." Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1992). The documentary evidence indicates that Morcom agreed to the practice of burning trash but did not herself participate in trash burning and was not home at the time of the trash burning (or fire) at issue. While Morcom presumably benefited from the burning of trash and agreed to the practice in general, we are uncertain whether she may be fairly viewed as having "procured" the fire at issue where she was neither present at the fire nor even aware that Grokau planned to burn trash that day. The above definitions of "procure" require active efforts to bring about an end and do not appear to reach mere consent to a general practice or receipt of benefit therefrom. If Morcom did not "procure" the fire at issue, then the statute would clearly not apply to her. However, we will assume, arguendo, that Morcom "procured" the fire at issue by agreeing to the household practice of burning trash.
The statute states that a person shall not set, cause, or procure a fire "without taking reasonable precautions . . . to prevent escape thereof" or "leave the fire before it is extinguished." It thus articulates three situations in which one must use "reasonable precautions" and prohibits a fourth activity — leaving a fire before it is extinguished.
With respect to "reasonable precautions," other provisions of the act provide guidance. MCL 320.24; MSA 13.267(4) excludes burning for "domestic purposes" from its permit requirement. MCL 320.21(d); MSA 13.267 (1)(d) defines "domestic purposes":
"Domestic purposes" means any fire within the curtilage of a dwelling where the material being burned has been properly placed in a debris burner constructed of metal or masonry with metal covering device with openings no larger than 3/4 of an inch, or a campfire, or any fire within a building.
Here, the documentary evidence indicates that the fire at issue started from a fire for "domestic purposes" according to this definition. The documentary evidence also indicates that the burn barrel and screen cover used by Grokau met the statutory requirements for fires for domestic purposes. Further, there was no indication of problems in the three years Grokau burned trash in the barrel before the incident at issue. Accordingly, Morcom was not on notice of problems with the equipment or procedure Grokau used to burn the domestic trash. The trial court appropriately determined that plaintiffs failed to raise a genuine factual issue indicating that Morcom failed to take reasonable precautions in procuring the burning of trash.
The "leave the fire before it is extinguished" provision appears to be a specific example of behavior that would not constitute "reasonable precautions" with respect to a fire. However, contrary to plaintiffs' contention, the statute imposes no duty on an absent "procurer" of a fire to ensure that the person who sets the fire not leave it before it is extinguished. Logically, one who is not present at a fire cannot "leave" the fire. Thus, the statute only imposes a duty not to leave a fire before it is extinguished on those present who set, cause, or procure the fire. Accordingly, because Morcom was not present, she cannot be held liable under the statute for Grokau's leaving of the fire before it was extinguished. For these reasons, the trial court properly granted Morcom's summary disposition motion regarding the statutory violation count.
Plaintiffs' negligence theory against Morcom was based on 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 364, pp 259-260, which states in pertinent part:
A possessor of land is subject to liability to others outside of the land for physical harm caused by a structure or other artificial condition on the land, which the possessor realizes or should realize will involve an unreasonable risk of such harm, if
* * *
(b) the condition is created by a third person with the possessor's consent or acquiescence while the land is in his possession.
We agree with the trial court's determination that a burn barrel that complies with the mandates of the statute for burning domestic trash does not constitute an unreasonably risky condition. It appropriately found no violation of this provision of the Restatement and therefore properly granted Morcom's summary disposition motion regarding the negligence count.
Plaintiffs' respondent superior count also fails. Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, an employer may be vicariously liable for the acts of an employee committed within the scope of his employment. Linebaugh v Sheraton Michigan Corp, 198 Mich. App. 335, 343; 497 N.W.2d 585 (1993). Here, the trial court properly determined that there was no evidence of an employment relationship between Morcom and Grokau sufficient to invoke respondeat superior. Plaintiffs also sought to hold Morcom liable under a joint enterprise theory. "The rule of joint enterprise in negligence cases is founded on the law of principal and agent." Brown v Jones, 200 Mich. App. 212, 218; 503 N.W.2d 735 (1993). A joint enterprise requires that every member have management and control of the enterprise, a right to be heard, and an equal right of control and joint responsibility for decision making and expenses. Id. at 218-219. Here, there was no evidence that Grokau was acting as Morcom's agent in burning the trash. The evidence indicated that Morcom did not burn garbage and was not present when the fire at issue occurred. Accordingly, she did not have an "equal right" to control the fire at issue. The trial court appropriately concluded that joint enterprise liability was inapplicable here. Plaintiffs also failed to provide authority to support their contention that Morcom, as a landowner, would be vicariously liable for Grokau's negligence. Thus, the trial court appropriately granted Morcom's summary disposition motion regarding the respondeat superior count.
The trial court arrived at the correct conclusion but focused on whether there was a joint enterprise for an economic purpose. This Court will not reverse a trial court decision when the trial court reaches the right result. In re Condemnation of Land, 211 Mich. App. 688, 692; 536 N.W.2d 598 (1995).
Finally, plaintiffs' trespass theory fails. Generally, all who wrongfully contribute to the commission of a trespass are equally liable with the person committing the act complained of. Kratze v Independent Order of Oddfellows, Garden City Lodge No 11, 190 Mich. App. 38, 43; 475 N.W.2d 405 (1991), aff'd in part and rev'd in part on other grounds 442 Mich. 136; 500 N.W.2d 115 (1993), citing 87 CJS, Trespass, § 32, pp 990-991. Persons who do not actively participate in the commission of the trespass must do "something by way of encouragement, advice, or suggestion" that leads to the commission of the trespass in order to render them liable as joint trespassers. Id. "There is no joint trespass where defendant's independent acts contributed to the result or where they cooperated to do a lawful act and in doing it some of them committed a trespass." Id. Here, the evidence indicated that any trespass resulted from Grokau's independent acts and that Morcom did nothing to encourage or contribute to a trespass. Accordingly, the trial court properly granted Morcom's summary disposition motion regarding plaintiffs' trespass count.
The trial court focused on whether there was any intent to burn plaintiffs' trees. However, this Court will not reverse a trial court decision when the trial court reaches the right result. In re Condemnation of Land, supra.
For these reasons, we affirm the order granting Morcom's summary disposition motion.
Affirmed.