Summary
finding where no special relationship exists, passengers did not owe a duty to plaintiff to protect her from the driver
Summary of this case from Hurt v. FreelandOpinion
Docket No. 136433, 138972.
Submitted November 9, 1992, at Grand Rapids.
Decided June 21, 1993, at 9:00 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Walz Warba, P.C. (by Mark J. Warba), for the plaintiff.
Bensinger, Cotant, Menkes Aardema, P.C. (by Michael E. Menkes), for James Jones.
Kohl, Secrest, Wardle, Lynch, Clark Hampton (by Thomas G. Herman), for Jason Swanson.
Plunkett Cooney, P.C. (by Gretchen L. Olsen), for James D. Jennings.
Sullivan, Crowley Smith, P.C. (by Randy H. Smith), for Evergreen Tree Corporation.
Before: MACKENZIE, P.J., and GRIFFIN and CONNOR, JJ.
In No. 136433, plaintiff appeals by leave granted from an order granting summary disposition in favor of defendant Jones pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). In No. 138972, plaintiff appeals as of right from an order of dismissal in favor of defendants Swanson and Jennings. We affirm in both cases.
Plaintiff was injured when her automobile was struck by a vehicle driven by Robert Anthony Burton.
On the day of the accident, Burton and defendants Jones, Swanson, and Jennings, along with Tonya Schaffer — all five of whom were minors — each contributed one dollar toward the purchase of a fifth of schnapps in order to celebrate Burton's seventeenth birthday. Jeff Lyle, who was at least twenty-one years of age, bought the alcohol and gave it to the minors. Sometime after 6:00 P.M., the minors drank the fifth of schnapps in Burton's car and at their workplace.
Burton left work at approximately 9:00 P.M. After a series of short stops, he, along with passengers Jones and Jennings, proceeded to drive home. At approximately 9:45 P.M., Burton lost control of the car and struck plaintiff's car.
As relevant to these appeals, plaintiff's complaint alleged three theories of liability against Jones, Swanson, and Jennings: (1) negligence; (2) violations of the Liquor Control Act, specifically MCL 436.33; MSA 18.1004, MCL 436.33a; MSA 18.1004(1), MCL 436.33b; MSA 18.1004(2), MCL 436.34; MSA 18.1005, and MCL 436.34a; MSA 18.1005(1); and (3) joint enterprise liability. All three theories against these three defendants were rejected and orders of summary disposition were entered in favor of Jones and in favor of Jennings and Swanson by separate judges.
On appeal, plaintiff first contends that the trial judges erred in dismissing her negligence claims against defendants Jones and Jennings, who were Burton's minor passengers at the time of the collision. We disagree. Plaintiff's theory was essentially that Jones and Jennings owed her a duty to protect her from Burton's conduct. However, as a general rule there is no duty to protect an individual who is endangered by the conduct of a third person. Sierocki v Hieber, 168 Mich. App. 429, 433; 425 N.W.2d 477 (1988). Although a duty may arise where one stands in a special relationship with the victim or the person causing the injury, Sierocki, supra at 434, in this case plaintiff failed to allege sufficient facts in her complaint to establish the existence of such a special relationship between the passengers and herself or Burton. Thus, we find no error in the trial judges' decisions that Jones and Jennings did not owe plaintiff a duty to protect her from Burton. In the absence of such a duty, plaintiff's negligence theory was properly rejected. See Sierocki, supra at 433.
Plaintiff next argues that the trial judges erred in granting these three defendants' motions for summary disposition of plaintiff's statutory claims under the Liquor Control Act. Again, we disagree.
Section 33 of the Liquor Control Act, MCL 436.33; MSA 18.1004, provides that "[a]lcoholic liquor shall not be sold or furnished" to a minor. The public policy of this state is that persons under twenty-one years of age should not possess alcohol for personal consumption and that other persons should be prohibited from selling or giving away alcohol to those under twenty-one years of age. See Longstreth v Gensel, 423 Mich. 675, 682; 377 N.W.2d 804 (1985). MCL 436.33; MSA 18.1004 addresses the latter principle. Longstreth, supra at 686. Here, these three defendants and Burton were clearly underage possessors of alcohol for their own consumption. We are not prepared to say that they "gave" or "furnished" alcohol to themselves, however. Instead, the five minors, including Burton, each contributed toward and consumed a share of the liquor that was furnished to them by Lyle. Because alcohol was furnished to Burton by someone other than these defendants, MCL 436.33; MSA 18.1004 does not apply to them. We find no error in the trial judges' decisions to grant summary disposition of this claim.
Plaintiff's claims against these three defendants under MCL 436.33a; MSA 18.1004(1) were also properly dismissed. The statute, which prohibits minors from transporting or possessing alcohol in a motor vehicle, applies only to the driver of an automobile. Sneath v Popiolek, 135 Mich. App. 17, 23; 352 N.W.2d 331 (1984). It is undisputed that none of these defendants was driving the car that struck plaintiff.
Plaintiff's complaint also alleged liability by reason of these three defendants' violations of §§ 33b, 34, and 34a of the Liquor Control Act. At the time of this case, these sections provided in relevant part:
A person less than 21 years of age shall not purchase alcoholic liquor, consume alcoholic liquor in a licensed premises, or possess alcoholic liquor. . . . [MCL 436.33b(1); MSA 18.1004(2)(1).]
No alcoholic liquor shall be consumed on the public highways. [MCL 436.34; MSA 18.1005.]
A person shall not transport or possess any alcoholic liquor in a container which is open, uncapped, or upon which the seal is broken, within the passenger compartment of a vehicle on the highways of this state. [MCL 436.34a; MSA 18.1005(1).]
As noted above, it is undisputed that these three defendants were in possession of alcohol at some point before the collision that injured plaintiff. There was also some evidence that, if found credible, could show that approximately three hours before the accident these defendants consumed alcohol and transported an open container of alcoholic liquor on a public road. Nevertheless, there is no evidence that these defendants' conduct was a proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries. None of these defendants was the driver of the car that struck plaintiff, defendant Swanson was not present when the accident occurred, and there was no evidence that defendants Jennings or Jones, who were passengers in Burton's car, had alcohol in the car at the time of the accident. If reasonable minds could not differ regarding the proximate cause of a plaintiff's injury, the court should rule as a matter of law. Mascarenas v Union Carbide Corp, 196 Mich. App. 240, 251; 492 N.W.2d 512 (1992). We find no error in the trial judges' dispositions of these claims.
Finally, plaintiff contends that the trial judges erred in granting summary disposition in favor of these defendants with regard to plaintiff's joint enterprise theory of liability. Again, we find no error. In Troutman v Ollis, 164 Mich. App. 727, 734; 417 N.W.2d 589 (1987), this Court recognized the concept of joint enterprise in the context of automobile negligence cases, quoting Farthing v Hepinstall, 243 Mich. 380, 382; 220 N.W. 708 (1928):
To constitute a joint enterprise between a passenger and the driver of an automobile within the meaning of the law of negligence, there must be such a community of interest in its operation as to give each an equal right of control. There must be a common responsibility for its negligent operation, and there can be no common responsibility unless there is a common right of control. It must be held that the driver is acting as the agent of the other members of the enterprise. The rule of joint enterprise in negligence cases is founded on the law of principal and agent. On no other theory could the negligence of the driver be imputable to a passenger.
A joint enterprise will be found only where it can be shown that every member of the group has management and control of the enterprise, each member of the group has a right to be heard, and each has an equal right of control and joint responsibility for decision making and expenses. Boyd v McKeever, 384 Mich. 501, 504; 185 N.W.2d 344 (1971); anno: Passenger's liability to vehicular accident victim for harm caused by intoxicated motor vehicle driver, 64 ALR4th 272. Here, as the trial judges found, any community of interest in using Burton's vehicle to obtain and consume alcohol had ended long before the collision occurred. Further, at the time of the accident, there was no evidence that Burton was an agent of these defendants, or that these defendants had an equal right of control over the vehicle. Under these circumstances, the trial judges' decision to grant summary disposition in favor of these defendants was proper.
Affirmed.
GRIFFIN, J., concurred.
I would find that error occurred in the lower court by the granting of these three defendants' motions for summary disposition of plaintiff's cause of action under § 33 of the Liquor Control Act, MCL 436.33; MSA 18.1004.
The Supreme Court held in Longstreth v Gensel, 423 Mich. 675; 377 N.W.2d 804 (1985), that the act "involves the public health, safety, and morals," id. at 683, and "any person who violates its terms is guilty of a misdemeanor," id. at 685. The Court made it clear that the specific provisions within the act should be broadly construed, including the definitions of terms used in the act. Id. at 683.
It was held in the lower court that § 33 did not apply to minors who furnish alcohol to other minors. Although this finding was not addressed by the majority opinion, it is clearly erroneous in light of Longstreth. The Supreme Court held that the act was meant to apply to any and all persons who violate its terms. Id. at 683. Clearly, an individual under the age of twenty-one fits within this broad definition.
It was also found in the lower court, and the majority opinion agrees, that the minor defendants did not "furnish" alcohol within the meaning of that term as used in the statute. I believe this finding is also clearly erroneous.
Under the act, the term "sale" is defined as including "exchange, barter or traffic, or the furnishing or giving away of any alcoholic liquor." Id. at 683 (emphasis added); see MCL 436.2n; MSA 18.972(14). All persons who furnish or give alcohol to minors are subject to liability for resulting harm.
According to the evidence, the minor defendants formed a joint venture to purchase alcoholic beverages. In effect, each furnished alcohol to the others, and did so illegally, because all were minors. Furthermore, each minor defendant aided and abetted the adult defendant Lyle in the commission of a misdemeanor by contributing a portion of the total amount necessary to purchase the liquor, in violation of the statute. By obtaining alcoholic beverages and sharing it among themselves, the minors were civil conspirators in violation of the act. If the trier of fact is satisfied from the evidence that the accident was proximately caused by a diminution in Burton's physical faculties by reason of alcohol consumption to which each minor defendant contributed, each could be held liable for plaintiff's injuries, and the purpose of the statute would be served.