Summary
In Gude v. Weick Bros. Undertaking Co., 322 Mo. 778, 16 S.W.2d 59, 62, the deceased was fifty-three years old and his wife fifty-four.
Summary of this case from O'Donnell v. B. O. Railroad Co.Opinion
April 5, 1929.
1. NEGLIGENCE: Humanitarian Rule: Degree of Care: Motor Vehicle. The driver of a motor vehicle on a public street is required to exercise the highest degree of care in an attempt to avoid inflicting injury upon a pedestrian endeavoring to cross the street at the usual crossing who is in a position of peril not caused by the driver's negligence. The degree of care is not required by the humanitarian rule to be limited to reasonable care or ordinary care. In determining whether the operator of a motor vehicle on a public highway is guilty of negligence under the humanitarian rule, such operator must be held to the exercise of the highest degree of care.
2. ____: ____: ____: Statute. The Act of 1921 (Laws 1921, 1st Ex. Sess., p. 91, sec. 19) declaring that "every person operating a motor vehicle on the highways of this State shall drive the same in a careful and prudent manner, and shall exercise the highest degree of care, and at a rate of speed so as not to endanger the property of another or the life or limb of any person" does not prescribe any different degree of care on the part of the operator for different occasions or places or under different circumstances, but exacts the highest degree of care on the part of every driver of a motor vehicle on a highway, at every place and at all times. And the statute is not to be restricted to primary negligence, but applies to negligence involved in a violation of the humanitarian rule.
3. ____: ____: ____: Instruction. An instruction on the humanitarian rule which authorized the jury to return a verdict for plaintiff if they found that the driver of defendant's automobile ambulance "saw, or by the exercise of the highest degree of care could have seen," the pedestrian in and upon the traveled part of the public street "and in a position of imminent peril of being struck by said automobile," and that the driver, in time thereafter, "by the exercise of the highest degree of care on his part, and with the means at hand and with reasonable safety to himself and the other person upon said automobile, could have stopped, slackened the speed of or turned said automobile so as to have avoided striking" said pedestrian and "failed to do so," etc., exacted of the driver no higher degree of care to avoid injuring the pedestrian than the law exacts under the circumstances.
4. ____: ____: Driver's Care for Own Safety. An instruction which tells the jury that if the driver of the automobile, after he actually or constructively saw the peril of the pedestrian in the highway, "by the exercise of the highest degree of care on his part, and with the means at hand and with reasonable safety to himself," could have stopped the automobile, etc., does not refer to the degree of care the driver was required to exercise for his own safety, and does not fix the degree of care he must exercise for his own safety at reasonable care, and does not require a less degree of care for the driver than for the pedestrian.
5. ____: Excessive Verdict: Ten Thousand Dollars: Death of Husband. Plaintiff sued for the negligent killing of her husband. He was fifty-three years of age, and she was fifty-four, and she had a life expectancy of 18.09 years. He had been earning $24.30 per week as a private watchman. He brought his earnings to her and she used them for his or her support about half and half. Held, that a verdict for ten thousand dollars is not excessive.
Corpus Juris-Cyc. References: Death, 17 C.J., Section 235, p. 1350, n. 7. Motor Vehicles, 42 C.J., Section 583, p. 883, n. 31; Section 964, p. 1184, n. 69.
Appeal from Circuit Court of City of St. Louis. — Hon. Granville Hogan, Judge.
AFFIRMED.
Brackman, Hausner Versen for appellant.
(1) Instruction 3, submitting the case on the humanitarian theory, was erroneous. (a) The requirement that the defendant had to exercise the "highest degree of care" to avoid injuring plaintiff's husband imposed a greater degree of care on the defendant than is required by law. State ex rel. v. Trimble, 253 S.W. 1018; Banks v. Morris, 257 S.W. 484; Degonia v. Railroad, 224 Mo. 564; Hanlon v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 104 Mo. 381; O'Flaherty v. Union Ry. Co., 45 Mo. 70; Hawkins v. Wells, 297 S.W. 196; Lambert v. Wells, 264 S.W. 37; Sullivan v. Railroad, 247 S.W. 1010. (b) The instruction only required the exercise of "reasonable" care for the safety of persons riding in the automobile. It therefore required a different standard of care for the safety of a person on the street from that required for the safety of a person in an automobile, which was contrary to the law respecting the operation of automobiles. Sec. 19, p. 91, Laws 1921, 1st Ex. Sess.; Threadgill v. United Rys. Co., 214 S.W. 161; Burke v. Pappas, 293 S.W. 142. (c) The instruction, by exacting the "highest degree of care" for the safety of plaintiff's husband and only "reasonable" care for the passenger of the automobile, made the safety of the former the sole consideration and thereby violated not only the humanitarian doctrine, but the statute law as well. Sec. 19, p. 91, Laws 1921, 1st Ex. Sess.; Threadgill v. United Rys. Co., 214 S.W. 161; Burke v. Pappas, 293 S.W. 142; Maher v. Railroad, 64 Mo. 267. (d) The word "reasonable," as used in the instruction, is synonymous with the word "ordinary." The phrase "with reasonable safety" means with reasonable care for the safety, etc. Reasonable care is ordinary care. Helfenstein v. Medart, 136 Mo. 595. (e) Error in an instruction is presumed to be prejudicial unless the contrary is satisfactorily shown. Gerler v. Kansas City, 105 Mo. App. 191; Doyle v. Trust Co., 140 Mo. 1; Skinner v. Stifel, 55 Mo. App. 9; Camp v. Railway, 94 Mo. App. 284. (2) The verdict of the jury is excessive. Burtch v. Wabash, 236 S.W. 338; Cole v. Long, 227 S.W. 903; Davoren v. Kansas City, 273 S.W. 401; Castilo v. State Highway Comm., 279 S.W. 673.
Jesse T. Friday for respondent.
(1) The degree of care to be exercised by the operator of an automobile upon the public highways in this State by Laws 1911, p. 330, sec. 12, par. 9, is the same as the degree of care required of automobile operators by Laws 1921 (1st Extra Sess.) p. 91, sec. 19. (2) When the Supreme Court construes a law and, after that construction becomes well known, the law is reenacted, the construction is assumed to have been likewise adopted. Camp v. Wabash, 68 S.W. 96; Handlin v. Morgan Co., 57 Mo. 116; Sanders v. Anchor Line, 10 S.W. 595; State ex inf. v. Mo. Ath. Club, 170 S.W. 904. (3) Laws 1921 (1st Ex. Sess.) page 91, sec. 19, providing that automobile drivers must exercise the highest degree of care, is applicable to negligence involved in violation of humanitarian rule, as well as primary negligence. Hults v. Miller, 299 S.W. 85; State ex rel. v. Allen (Mo.), 250 S.W. 585; Bruce v. Packing Co., 6 S.W.2d 986; Burke v. Pappas, 293 S.W. 142; Miller v. Wilson, 288 S.W. 997. (4) The verdict is not excessive. Montague v. Ry. Co., 264 S.W. 813; Treadway v. United Rys. Co., 282 S.W. 441; Smith v. Mederake, 259 S.W. 83; Honea v. Ry. Co., 151 S.W. 119, 153 S.W. 486.
Action for damages for the death of plaintiff's husband Bernard Gude, by alleged wrongful act of defendant. Trial by jury resulted in a verdict for plaintiff in the sum of $10,000. Failing to obtain a new trial, defendant was granted an appeal to this court.
A brief sketch of the evidence will suffice, because its sufficiency to sustain the judgment is not now challenged by defendant (appellant in this court). Respondent's husband was struck and fatally injured by appellant's automobile ambulance, driven by its employee in pursuance of appellant's business, at Broadway and Dakota streets in St. Louis, on February 2, 1925, between the hours of 5:30 and six o'clock, P.M. Appellant's automobile was moving southward on Broadway, and deceased was on the south side of Dakota Street walking eastward across Broadway, when the fatal accident occurred.
Respondent's evidence tended to prove that the automobile was being driven at a speed of twenty-five to thirty miles per hour along the middle of Broadway, without any warning of any sort; that deceased stepped down from the west curb of Broadway and moved directly and in a steady course across the street in full view of the driver of the automobile, and that the driver did not change the course or check the speed of the automobile and struck the deceased with the left front portion of the automobile when deceased was midway between the rails of the east (northbound) street car track in Broadway; that blood was found on the left front fender of the automobile after the collision. There was also evidence which tended to prove that the driver could have stopped or checked the automobile in time to have avoided injuring deceased after his peril was or could reasonably have been known by said driver.
Appellant's evidence tended to prove that the automobile was being driven southward on Broadway at a speed of twenty to twenty-three miles per hour, and that the wheels were between the west (southbound) street car tracks and the west curb of Broadway; that the horn was duly sounded at and approaching said street intersection; that the driver saw deceased about five feet from the west curb of Broadway; that deceased started to go west toward the curb after the driver sounded the horn; that deceased then suddenly turned back and started to run eastward across the street into the path of the automobile; that the driver twisted the steering wheel quickly and turned his automobile in a southeast direction toward the street car tracks to avoid striking deceased, but that deceased ran into the right side of the automobile and was thus struck and knocked down.
The automobile ambulance was quickly stopped, and deceased was picked up and put into it and taken to a hospital where his death, concededly caused by the injuries thus received, occurred the following day.
The petition charged that the driver was negligent in driving the automobile at a high and dangerous rate of speed and without having it under such control that it could readily be stopped at the first appearance of danger and that no warning of its approach to Dakota Street was given. Appellant was also charged with negligence under the humanitarian rule. The answer was a general denial, a plea of contributory negligence on the part of deceased and that deceased's injuries were caused solely by his own negligence. The reply was a general denial.
The case was submitted to the jury on the charges of high and dangerous speed, on the failure to give proper warning and upon appellant's alleged negligence under the humanitarian rule, and also upon deceased's alleged contributory negligence, as a defense to appellant's alleged primary negligence. No complaint is here made of the trial court's action in submitting the case on said charges of negligence and none of the instructions are challenged as to form or substance, except Instruction 3 on the humanitarian rule, which authorized the jury to find for respondent, if it found (among other things) "that defendant's agent and servant saw, or by the exercise of the highest degree of care could have seen, said Bernard Gude in and upon the traveled part of said Broadway and in a position of imminent peril of being struck by said automobile, if you find that said Bernard Gude was in a position of imminent peril of being struck by said automobile, and that defendant's said agent and servant, in time thereafter, by the exercise of the highest degree of care on his part, and with the means at hand and with reasonable safety to himself and the other person upon said automobile, could have stopped, slackened the speed of or turned said automobile so as to have avoided striking said Bernard Gude, and that defendant's said agent and servant failed to do so."
This portion of Instruction 3 is said to be erroneous because "it imposed a higher degree of care on the defendant to avoid injuring plaintiff's husband than the law required under the humanitarian doctrine, the theory which was attempted to be submitted by said instruction," and because "it violated the statute law of the State in asserting that the defendant was only required to exercise `reasonable' care for the safety of himself and his passengers."
I. Appellant does not claim that, in so far as the issue of its primary negligence is concerned, its driver was not required to exercise the highest degree of care in the operation Degree of of his automobile upon the highway. The question is Care. whether appellant's driver, in attempting to avoid inflicting injury upon the deceased while he was in a position of imminent peril, not caused by said driver's negligence, was required to exercise the highest degree of care.
By Section 19, page 91, Laws of 1921, First Extra Session, it is provided that "every person operating a motor vehicle on the highways of this State shall drive the same in a careful and prudent manner, and shall exercise the highest degree of care, and at a rate of speed so as not to endanger the property of another or the life or limb of any person." It is manifest that the statute itself does not prescribe any different degree of care on the part of the operator for different occasions and places or under different circumstances. It is made the duty of every person operating a motor vehicle to exercise the highest degree of care. Where? Everywhere on the highways. When? At all times, because no exceptions are authorized. The words "so as not to endanger the property of another or the life or limb of any person" immediately follow the words "at a rate of speed," but they should likewise be held to apply to the words "shall exercise the highest degree of care," because the purpose of such requirement is to avoid such injury or death. The operator of a motor vehicle must exercise the highest degree of care so as not to injure any person, whether such person is in the exercise of due care on his own part or not. Such operator must exercise the highest degree of care to stop his motor vehicle or to slow it down or to turn it aside, when to do so will avoid injuring one brought into imminent peril of injury without prior fault of such operator.
This court has never passed on this question where it was squarely in issue. In 45 Corpus Juris, 992, section 544, it is said that "in the absence of a statute requiring a higher degree of care, ordinary care to avoid the injury is all that is required of defendant upon becoming aware of appellant's position of peril," and in the note thereto, reference is made to statutory provisions in the various jurisdictions. Section 19, page 91, Laws of 1921, First Extra Session, is such a statute, as it appears to fill all the requirements of the exception to the general rule thus laid down in Corpus Juris.
Respondent cites Hults v. Miller (Mo. App.), 299 S.W. 85. At pages 88, it is said:
"The defendant further contends that the court committed error in giving plaintiff's Instruction No. 5, on the ground that it submits the humanitarian rule, on the theory that the statute (Sec. 19, p. 91, First Extra Session, Laws 1921) requiring the exercise of the highest degree of care on the part of the driver of the automobile is applicable under that rule. Defendant contends that the statute is applicable only to primary negligence and has no application to negligence involved in the violation of the humanitarian rule. This contention is untenable for two reason. First. Our Supreme Court has held that the present statute (Sec. 19, p. 91, First Extra Session, Laws 1921), as well as a very similar previous statute, prescribes a rule of conduct, and applies to negligence involved under the humanitarian rule as well as to primary negligence. [Burke v. Pappas (Mo. Sup.), 293 S.W. 142, l.c. 147; State ex rel. Dowell v. Allen (Mo. Sup.), 250 S.W. 580, l.c. 585; Threadgill v. United Railways Co., 279 Mo. 466, 214 784 S.W. 161; Monroe v. Chicago Alton R. Co., 297 Mo. 633, 249 S.W. 644, 257 S.W. 469.]"
What Division One of this court said in Burke v. Pappas, 293 S.W. 142, l.c. 147, indicating that the operator of a motor vehicle was under the statutory duty of exercising the highest degree of care, when such operator's duty is measured under the humanitarian rule, was clearly obiter, in so far as the issues there raised were concerned, but was nevertheless correct as an abstract proposition of law.
In State ex rel. Dowell v. Allen (Mo. Sup.), 250 S.W. 580, the question was whether or not the St. Louis Court of Appeals had contravened certain decisions of this court in ruling that Instructions 1 and 2 were not in such conflict with Instruction 3 as to constitute reversible error. Instruction 2 told the jury that it was the duty of defendant in driving his automobile to exercise ordinary care not to injure plaintiff after he discovered plaintiff in a position of imminent peril. Instruction 3 was an abstract statement of the law to the effect that it was defendant's duty to exercise the highest degree of care in operating his automobile upon the public highway. Referring to Paragraph 9, Section 12, Laws 1911, page 330, which imposed upon the operator of a motor vehicle upon the public highway the same degree of care required by our present statute enacted in 1921, LINDSAY, C., said:
"This standard established by the statute, and as thus construed in the cases cited, is stated in Instruction III. The full strictness of this rule or standard was not imposed upon defendant by the terms used in Instruction I for plaintiff. The rule was not applied in its full strictness in Instruction II upon the humanitarian doctrine. These two instructions were designed to cover the whole case under the two respective theories of primary negligence and the humanitarian rule, and were the instructions authorizing a verdict for plaintiff. To the extent that they relaxed any of the strictness of the statutory requirement they were favorable to the defendant.
"The Act of 1911 can mean no less than that the rule of conduct therein prescribed must apply to the driver of the motor vehicle at the time as well as immediately before a collision occurs with a person traveling upon or across a public street much used for travel. [Mahany v. K.C. Rys. Co., 286 Mo. l.c. 612, 228 S.W. 821.] Consideration of the rule announced in Instruction III did not tend to impose a higher duty upon defendant than the law required of him under the circumstances disclosed."
Threadgill v. United Railways Co., 279 Mo. 466, 214 S.W. 161, cited in Hults v. Miller, supra, and relied upon by respondent, applied the rule of the highest degree of care to the operator of a motor vehicle in determining whether his own negligence contributed to his injury in a collision with a street car. Whether such highest degree of care was required in measuring such operator's negligence under the humanitarian rule was not under consideration, but if an injured automobile driver is guilty of contributory negligence, if he fails to exercise the highest degree of care for his own safety, it would seem equally clear that he should be held to the same degree of care under the humanitarian rule. To the same general effect is Monroe v. Chicago Alton Railroad Co., 297 Mo. 633, l.c. 653, Par. VII, 249 S.W. 644.
In Bruce v. Packing Co. (Mo. App.), 6 S.W.2d 986, BENNICK, C., said:
"The second insistence of defendants is that plaintiff's given Instruction No. 1, hypothesizing a recovery for negligence under the humanitarian doctrine, was erroneous, in that it placed upon defendants the duty of exercising the highest degree of care in the operation of the automobile. While the propriety of the instruction in the form given may have been an open question at the time of the trial of the case, it has since been expressly held that the statutory injunction as to the exercise of the highest degree of care applies, not only to primary negligence, but also with equal force to negligence under the humanitarian doctrine, in view of which there is now no occasion for any controversy as to the correctness of this feature of the instruction. [Burke v. Pappas (Mo. Sup.), 293 S.W. 142; Hults v. Miller (Mo. App.), 299 S.W. 85.]"
Thus it appears that the St. Louis Court of Appeals has ruled this question squarely against the contention of the appellant. This court has said, in cases where the question was not squarely involved, that, in determining whether the operator of a motor vehicle on the public highway is guilty of negligence under the humanitarian rule, such operator must be held to the exercise of the highest degree of care. We think this is the sound rule and should be announced in this case where such question is squarely before the court.
In the able brief of respondent's counsel, the cases, cited and relied upon by appellant in support of its contention for a ruling contrary to the foregoing conclusion, are so well and clearly distinguished that we can do no better than to quote, with our full approval, that portion of respondent's brief to-wit:
"The cases of State ex rel. v. Trimble, 253 S.W. 1014, l.c. 1018; Degonia v. Railroad, 224 Mo. 564; Hanlon v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 104 Mo. 381, l.c. 389; O'Flaherty v. Union Ry. Co., 45 Mo. 70; Hawkins v. Wells, 297 S.W. 193, l.c. 196; Lambert v. Wells, 264 S.W. 37; Sullivan v. Gideon N.O.R. Co., 247 S.W. 1010, cited by appellant, which it claims supports its contention that said Instruction No. 3 is erroneous because it imposes upon defendant's chauffeur operating defendant's said automobile the duty to exercise the highest degree of care in the operation of said automobile, instead of ordinary care, are wholly inapplicable to the case at bar, for the reason that the injuries which gave rise to the actions in said cited cases, which were all railroad cases, were occasioned through the alleged negligence of the crew of the railroad companies causing the injuries, and the degree of care required to be used in the operation of railroad trains and street cars was only the common-law duty to exercise ordinary care, and not the statutory duty to exercise the highest degree of care imposed on motorists by Laws 1921 (1st Extra Session), page 91, Section 19, as was required at the time respondent's husband in the instant case was struck and killed by defendant's automobile ambulance.
"The case of Banks v. Morris Co., 257 S.W. 482, cited by appellant, is also inapplicable to the case at bar, for, although said case is an automobile case, it will be readily seen upon a perusal of said Banks case, that the injuries sustained by plaintiff in that case were sustained on January 3, 1920, more than a year prior to the enactment of Laws 1921 (1st Ex. Sess.), page 91, Section 19, requiring motorists to exercise the highest degree of care in the operation of motor vehicles."
II. There is no merit in appellant's second criticism of Instruction 3, that it only required appellant's driver to exercise reasonable care for his own safety and that of his passenger, while it required the exercise of the highest degree of care not to injure respondent's husband. It is Driver's Care true, that in Threadgill v. United Railways Co., for Own supra, it was held that the operator of a motor Safety. vehicle was required to exercise the highest degree of care for his own safety, but Instruction 3 did not conflict with that rule. It did not refer to the degree of care appellant's driver was required to exercise for his own safety. The word "reasonable" modified the word "safety" and had no reference to the degree of care required to be exercised by said driver for his own safety. The instruction properly told the jury that said driver was required to exercise the highest degree of care, consistent with the reasonable safety of himself and his companion, not to injure respondent's husband, after he discovered him in a position of imminent peril. The assignment is overruled.
III. The only remaining assignment of error urged in this court is that the verdict of the jury, assessing respondent's damages at the sum of $10,000, is excessive. Deceased was Excessive fifty-three years old when he was killed. Respondent Verdict. was then fifty-four years old. It was shown that her life expectancy was 18.09 years at the time of her husband's death and that deceased's expectancy was greater. Both were shown to have been in good health at the time he received his fatal injuries. Deceased had been earning $24.30 per week as a private watchman. Respondent testified that he brought his earnings to her and that she used it "about half for myself and the rest of it ____," apparently meaning that she used it for her support and his support about half and half.
At $24.30 per week, had he lived and been continuously employed, respondent's husband would have earned over $22,858 during respondent's expectancy of 18.09 years. Respondent's half of such earnings, without regard to any other pecuniary loss she may have sustained, exceeded the damages assessed by the jury. Hence, we cannot say that the amount the jury allowed was excessive. We find it unnecessary to examine the cases cited by counsel.
There being no error in the record, the judgment is affirmed. All concur.