Summary
holding that defendant breached its “fiduciary duty to plaintiff, a minority shareholder” of a closely-held corporation “by, inter alia, distributing profits to ... an employee of the corporation, without making a 15% distribution of profits to plaintiff”
Summary of this case from Noryb Ventures, Inc. v. MankovskyOpinion
2013-10-22
Mhill GJURAJ, etc., Plaintiff–Respondent, v. UPLIFT ELEVATOR CORP., et al., Defendants–Appellants, Lift Enterprises, Inc., Defendant.
Menaker & Herrmann LLP, New York (Richard G. Menaker of counsel), for appellants. Wexler Burkhart Hirschberg & Unger, LLP, Garden City (David Hirschberg of counsel), for respondent.
Menaker & Herrmann LLP, New York (Richard G. Menaker of counsel), for appellants. Wexler Burkhart Hirschberg & Unger, LLP, Garden City (David Hirschberg of counsel), for respondent.
GONZALEZ, P.J., TOM, SAXE, MANZANET–DANIELS, GISCHE, JJ.
Judgment, Supreme Court, Bronx County (Sharon A.M. Aarons, J.), entered March 26, 2013, to the extent appealed from as limited by the briefs, awarding plaintiff damages as against defendants Uplift Elevator Corp., Ivica Lubina, and Paul Caldararo, and dissolving defendant Uplift, unanimously modified, on the law, to vacate the judgment as against Caldararo and to vacate the dissolution of Uplift, and otherwise affirmed, without costs. Appeal from orders, same court and Justice, entered August 16, 2012, September 13, 2012, and on or about January 30, 2013, unanimously dismissed, without costs, as subsumed in the appeal from the aforesaid judgment. Appeal from order, same court and Justice, entered on or about January 24, 2013, which denied defendant Caldararo's motion to reargue, unanimously dismissed, without costs, as taken from a nonappealable paper.
Plaintiff, a 15% minority shareholder in Uplift, has standing to bring his breach of fiduciary duty claims as direct, as well as derivative, causes of action, since defendants' freezing him out of the corporation and failing to pay him his share of the profits harmed him individually, and he would receive the benefit of any recovery ( see Yudell v. Gilbert, 99 A.D.3d 108, 113–114, 949 N.Y.S.2d 380 [1st Dept.2012]; see also Abrams v. Donati, 66 N.Y.2d 951, 498 N.Y.S.2d 782, 489 N.E.2d 751 [1985] ).
As the majority shareholder of Uplift, a closely held corporation, Lubina had a fiduciary duty to plaintiff, a minority shareholder ( O'Neill v. Warburg, Pincus & Co., 39 A.D.3d 281, 282, 833 N.Y.S.2d 461 [1st Dept.2007]; see also Wolff v. Wolff, 67 N.Y.2d 638, 499 N.Y.S.2d 665, 490 N.E.2d 532 [1986] ). He breached this duty by, inter alia, distributing profits to Caldararo, an employee of the corporation, without making a 15% distribution of profits to plaintiff, as required, by relocating the corporation's office without plaintiff's knowledge and without giving plaintiff access to it, and by closing out the corporation's bank account on which plaintiff was a signatory and opening another corporate account on which plaintiff was not a signatory.
Defendants contend that Lubina's actions are protected by the business judgment rule, which “prohibits judicial inquiry into actions of corporate directors taken in good faith and in the exercise of honest judgment in the lawful and legitimate furtherance of corporate purposes” (Matter of Levandusky v. One Fifth Ave. Apt. Corp., 75 N.Y.2d 530, 537–538, 554 N.Y.S.2d 807, 553 N.E.2d 1317 [1990] [internal quotation marks omitted] ). However, defendants failed to raise this argument as an affirmative defense in their answer, and their motion to amend the pleadings to conform to the trial evidence several weeks after the court had issued its post-trial order finding breaches of fiduciary duty was properly rejected as devoid of merit ( see id.).
Lubina is properly subject to personal liability for the corporation's debts to plaintiff, since “a corporate officer who participates in the commission of a tort may be held individually liable, regardless of whether the officer acted on behalf of the corporation in the course of official duties and regardless of whether the corporate veil is pierced” ( Peguero v. 601 Realty Corp., 58 A.D.3d 556, 558, 873 N.Y.S.2d 17 [1st Dept.2009] [internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted] ).
Caldararo, however, was an employee of the corporation, and did not have a fiduciary duty to plaintiff; although he received profits from Lubina, there is no evidence that he also shared in the corporation's losses ( Vitale v. Steinberg, 307 A.D.2d 107, 108, 764 N.Y.S.2d 236 [1st Dept.2003] ). Nor is there any other evidence of a fiduciary relationship between Caldararo and plaintiff ( see People v. Coventry First LLC, 13 N.Y.3d 108, 115, 886 N.Y.S.2d 671, 915 N.E.2d 616 [2009] ). For this reason, Caldararo cannot be held personally liable for Uplift's debts to plaintiff. Contrary to plaintiff's unpreserved contention that Caldararo “aided and abetted” Lubina in Lubina's breach of his fiduciary duty, the evidence does not support a finding that Caldararo “knowingly ... participated in the breach” ( see Kaufman v. Cohen, 307 A.D.2d 113, 125, 760 N.Y.S.2d 157 [1st Dept.2003] ).
The trial court properly relied on plaintiff's expert's valuation methodology ( see Matter of North Star Elec. Contr.-N.Y.C. Corp., 174 A.D.2d 373, 571 N.Y.S.2d 6 [1st Dept.1991], lv. denied79 N.Y.2d 752, 580 N.Y.S.2d 199, 588 N.E.2d 97 [1992] ).
The court used the correct standard in determining that plaintiff had a right to common-law dissolution ( see Fedele v. Seybert, 250 A.D.2d 519, 521, 673 N.Y.S.2d 421 [1st Dept.1998] ). However, we find that a buy-out of plaintiff's interest for fair value, as opposed to both the buy-out and dissolution, is the more appropriate remedy here ( see Leibert v. Clapp, 13 N.Y.2d 313, 318, 247 N.Y.S.2d 102, 196 N.E.2d 540 [1963];Matter of Davis [Shayne–Levy Assoc.], 174 A.D.2d 449, 571 N.Y.S.2d 234 [1st Dept.1991], lv. dismissed in part, denied in part79 N.Y.2d 820, 580 N.Y.S.2d 190, 588 N.E.2d 88 [1991] ).
We have considered defendants' remaining arguments and find them unavailing.