CYR, Circuit Judge.

After former inmate Dennis J. Domegan won a one dollar damage award in a civil rights action against certain Massachusetts corrections officials, the district court approved an attorney fee award against the defendants in the amount of $41,441.55 under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. The defendant officials challenge the fee award primarily on the ground that Domegan cannot be considered a "prevailing party" in light of the results achieved in litigation. With modifications to the amount of the award, we affirm the district court judgment.

I [2] BACKGROUND

On August 15, 1983, while imprisoned at the Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Walpole ("MCI-Walpole"), Domegan lodged a pro se complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, alleging civil rights violations under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. The complaint stemmed from Domegan's disciplinary placement on the "Alternate Feeding Program" ("AFP") at MCI-Walpole in May and again in July of 1983. At that time, each meal served to AFP inmates, including Domegan, consisted entirely of two cheese sandwiches. The solid steel doors of AFP inmate cells remained closed. The inmate was given no hearing prior to the AFP placement. AFP status was reviewed every five days by the prison official who recommended the particular placement. Domegan remained on AFP for seven and one-half days in May 1983, and for five days in July 1983.

During March 1984, the district court appointed Goodwin, Procter Hoar [hereinafter Procter Hoar] to represent Domegan. The final amended complaint asserted three causes of action: cruel and unusual punishment (Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments; 42 U.S.C. § 1983; M.G.L. c. 12, §§ 11H, 11 I); violation of due process ( Fourteenth Amendment; 42 U.S.C. § 1983; M.G.L. c. 12, §§ 11H, 11 I); and violation of the Massachusetts Civil Rights Act (M.G.L. c. 12, § 11 I). The final amended complaint demanded declaratory and injunctive relief, compensatory damages totaling $50,000, and $35,000 in punitive damages from each of the ten defendants.

Domegan was granted summary judgment on the procedural due process claim. The case proceeded to trial on the remaining claims in March 1989. The jury awarded Domegan $1.00 in "compensatory" damages on the due process claim, but returned verdicts for all defendants on the remaining Eighth Amendment claims. Judgment was entered in the amount of $1.00 against Ponte, Leppert, and Gallagher. Domegan requested attorney fees and costs in the amount of $88,655.16, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Although the district court determined that Domegan was a "prevailing party" entitled to recover a reasonable attorney fee, it reduced the amount of the award to $41,441.55 in light of the limited success achieved in litigation. The defendants challenge the fee award on several grounds.

II [6] DISCUSSION

A. Appellate Jurisdiction

The district court "Memorandum and Order" awarding attorney fees was entered on May 24, 1991. A defective notice of appeal (No. 91-1625) was filed on June 24, 1991, naming no appellant except Ponte, and then only in the following caption: "Domegan v. Ponte, et al." See Torres v. Oakland Scavenger Co., 487 U.S. 312, 314-15, 318, 108 S.Ct. 2405, 2407-08, 101 L.Ed.2d 285 (1988) (use of "et al." does not satisfy Fed.R.App.P. 3(c) requirement that notice of appeal specify parties appealing); Pontarelli v. Stone, 930 F.2d 104, 108-09 (1st Cir. 1991) (same). In response to our order to show cause why the appeal ought not be dismissed except as to Ponte, on July 16 a motion for permission to file an amended notice of appeal was filed by defendants' counsel with the district court. See Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(5). The district court granted the motion ex parte on the following day. But see id. ("Notice of any such motion which is filed after the expiration of the prescribed time shall be given to the other parties in accordance with local rules."). See also D.Mass.R. 7.1(A)(2), (B), (E). An amended notice of appeal (No. 91-1753), naming all ten appellants, was promptly filed.

Domegan contends that the ex parte district court order, permitting appellants to file a corrected notice of appeal after the expiration of the original appeal period, was ineffective since the fourteen-day notice required by Local Rule 7.1 was not served. See Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(5); D.Mass.R. 7.1(A)(2), (B), (E); see also, e.g., Hable v. Pairolero, 915 F.2d 394, 395 (8th Cir. 1990) (requiring notice of rule 4(a)(5) motion); Truett v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 725 F.2d 1301, 1302 (11th Cir. 1984) (same). Domegan also challenges the sufficiency of the showing of "good cause" or "excusable neglect" required under Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(5). See, e.g., Pontarelli, 930 F.2d at 109-112. We need not address Domegan's contentions, however, as the initial notice of appeal was premature.

The district court "Memorandum and Order," entered May 24, did not satisfy the "separate document" rule. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 58 advisory committee note (1963) ("The amended rule . . . requir[es] that there be a judgment set out on a separate document — distinct from any opinion or memorandum — which provides the basis for the entry of judgment.") (emphasis added); Fiore v. Washington County Community Mental Health Ctr., 960 F.2d 229, 234-35 (1st Cir. 1992) (en banc) (discussing generally the nature of a separate document); Smith v. Massachusetts Dep't of Correction, 936 F.2d 1390, 1393-94 (1st Cir. 1991) (memorandum and order does not constitute "separate document"); In re Smith Corset Shops, Inc., 696 F.2d 971, 975 (1st Cir. 1982) (same, applying analogous Bankruptcy Rule). As the order appealed from was not a "final judgment," see Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(a), 58, the appeal period never commenced running prior to the filing of the corrected notice of appeal. Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(1), (7); Smith, 936 F.2d at 1394; Scola v. Boat Frances, R., Inc., 618 F.2d 147, 151 (1st Cir. 1980); see also Bankers Trust Co. v. Mallis, 435 U.S. 381, 384-86, 98 S.Ct. 1117, 1120-21, 55 L.Ed.2d 357 (1978) (per curiam) (purpose of "separate document" rule is to promote greater predictability as to when time for appeal begins to run); Fiore, 960 F.2d at 233 (same).

Although appellants at all times treated the May 24 "Memorandum and Order" as an appealable order, the "separate document" rule is to be strictly applied as concerns the commencement of the appeal period. See United States v. Indrelunas, 411 U.S. 216, 221-22, 93 S.Ct. 1562, 1565, 36 L.Ed.2d 202 (1973) (per curiam) (applying rule 58 mechanically notwithstanding previous aborted appeal by same appellant within appeal period); Fiore, 960 F.2d at 235 (discussing technicality of rule 58); Gregson Assocs. Architects v. Government of the V.I., 675 F.2d 589, 592-93 (3d Cir. 1982) ( Indrelunas applied despite both parties' treatment of memorandum opinion as appealable order); Caperton v. Beatrice Pocahontas Coal Co., 585 F.2d 683, 688-90 (4th Cir. 1978) ("nor are we free to penalize plaintiffs . . . by binding them to their erroneous assertion that judgments" had been entered); see also Fiore, 960 F.2d at 237 (emphasizing that the "separate document" requirement "should always be interpreted 'to prevent loss of the right to appeal, not to facilitate loss'") (quoting Bankers Trust, 435 U.S. at 386, 98 S.Ct. at 1121); Willhauck v. Halpin, 919 F.2d 788, 792 (1st Cir. 1990) (same); 9 Moore's Federal Practice ¶ 58.02.1[2], at 58-20 to 21. Nevertheless, a notice of appeal deemed premature due to noncompliance with the "separate document" rule does not deprive the appellate court of subject matter jurisdiction, Bankers Trust, 435 U.S. at 384, 385, 98 S.Ct. at 1120; see also Smith, 936 F.2d at 1394 (applying Bankers Trust), and the appeal may proceed in the normal course where the court of appeals determines that the "separate document" requirement was waived by the parties. Bankers Trust, 435 U.S. at 384-86, 98 S.Ct. at 1120-21; Smith, 936 F.2d at 1394.

The district court treated its May 24 "Memorandum and Order" as an appealable order; it was duly docketed; and no party challenged appellate jurisdiction for failure to comply with the "separate document" requirement. See Smith, 936 F.2d at 1394 (finding waiver); see also Bankers Trust, 435 U.S. at 387-88, 98 S.Ct. at 1121 (considering same factors). Compare Fiore, 960 F.2d at 232, 237. All parties to the present appeal consistently treated the May 24 "Memorandum and Order" as a final judgment and there is no suggestion that unfair prejudice would be occasioned any party by our assertion of appellate jurisdiction, without remanding for formal compliance with the "separate document" requirement. See Smith, 936 F.2d at 1394 (assertion of appellate jurisdiction proper, as parties waived "separate document" requirement and would not be prejudiced). Moreover, dismissal of the second notice of appeal in these circumstances, solely to permit compliance with the "separate document" rule, would force "[w]heels [to] spin for no practical purpose." Bankers Trust, 435 U.S. at 385, 98 S.Ct. at 1120; Smith, 936 F.2d at 1394 ("We will not needlessly 'force the parties round and round the mulberry bush'. . . ." (quoting Jusino v. Zayas, 875 F.2d 986, 989-90 (1st Cir. 1989)).

B. The Merits 1. "Prevailing Party"

The principal focus of appellants' discontent with the fee allowance in the instant case is that the district court determined that Domegan was a "prevailing party" even though he obtained only a one dollar damage award. Absent "special circumstances" which would render an award unjust, ordinarily a civil rights plaintiff who qualifies as a "prevailing party" is entitled to a reasonable award of attorney fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 429, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 1937, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983); de Jesus v. Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, 918 F.2d 232, 234 (1st Cir. 1990); Stefan v. Laurenitis, 889 F.2d 363, 370 (1st Cir. 1989).

A prevailing party is one who "has succeeded on 'any significant issue in litigation which achieve[d] some of the benefit the [plaintiff] sought in bringing suit'. . . ." Texas State Teachers Ass'n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 791-92, 109 S.Ct. 1486, 1493, 103 L.Ed.2d 866 (1989) [hereinafter Texas Teachers] (quoting Nadeau v. Helgemoe, 581 F.2d 275, 278-79 (1st Cir. 1978)). "[A]t a minimum . . . the plaintiff must be able to point to a resolution of the dispute which changes the legal relationship between itself and the defendant." Id. at 792, 109 S.Ct. at 1493. Moreover, even under this "generous formulation," as the Court stated in Texas Teachers, the plaintiff cannot qualify as a "prevailing party" if his "success on a legal claim can be characterized as purely technical or de minimis...." Id. "The touchstone of the prevailing party inquiry must be the material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties in a manner which Congress sought to promote in the fee statute." Id. at 792-93, 109 S.Ct. at 1493 (emphasis added).

The district court determination that Domegan met the "prevailing party" test is subject to de novo review. See Romberg v. Nichols, 953 F.2d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 1992) ("We must reverse . . . if the district court applied incorrect legal standards to reach [the factual findings underlying its "prevailing party" determination]."); Guglietti v. Secretary of Health Human Services, 900 F.2d 397, 399 (1st Cir. 1990) (where normal deference due EAJA fee award could not be accorded because district court misapprehended the record, court of appeals would decide case, rather than remand, as the facts were not in genuine dispute and the "prevailing party" question is "largely one of law ..."). But cf. McDonald v. Secretary of Health Human Services, 884 F.2d 1468, 1474 (1st Cir. 1989) ("abuse of discretion" standard governs review of "prevailing party" determination in EAJA fee award cases).

Although Domegan met with no success on the Eighth Amendment and state law claims, he obtained a favorable verdict on the procedural due process claim, a "significant issue in litigation." See Langton v. Johnston, 928 F.2d 1206, 1226 (1st Cir. 1991) (assessing significance "given the scope and tenor of the litigation as a whole"). Appellants insist, nonetheless, that the final judgment cannot have had any significant effect on their legal relationship with Domegan, and question how a one dollar damage award can be considered other than de minimis success. Although one dollar most assuredly is a nominal amount, the final judgment nonetheless represented "some" of the benefit sought in the litigation; namely, an enforceable judgment against the defendant officials who deprived the plaintiff of the constitutional right to due process of law. We are unable to agree that an enforceable judgment for nominal damages redressing significant procedural due process violations cannot qualify the plaintiff for "prevailing party" status.

a. Baseline Criteria

Prior to Texas Teachers at least, attorney fees were not withheld under section 1988 simply because the plaintiff merely obtained a nominal damage award. Perez v. University of Puerto Rico, 600 F.2d 1, 2 (1st Cir. 1979) ("Fees may not be denied simply because only nominal damages are awarded."); Ganey v. Edwards, 759 F.2d 337, 339-40 (4th Cir. 1985) (liability determination need not even be accompanied by nominal damage award); Burt v. Abel, 585 F.2d 613, 618 (4th Cir. 1978) (nominal damage award sufficient); Basiardanes v. City of Galveston, 682 F.2d 1203, 1220 (5th Cir. 1982) (judgment for nominal damages may warrant fee award); Skoda v. Fontani, 646 F.2d 1193, 1194 (7th Cir. 1981) (per curiam) ($1.00 judgment satisfies "prevailing party" requirement); Hogue v. Clinton, 791 F.2d 1318, 1323 (8th Cir.) (absent proof of actual injury, plaintiff should be granted nominal damages and attorney fees), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1008, 107 S.Ct. 648, 93 L.Ed.2d 704 (1986); Scofield v. City of Hillsborough, 862 F.2d 759, 766 (9th Cir. 1988) (attorney fees allowable solely on basis of nominal damage award); see Derr v. Gulf Oil Corp., 796 F.2d 340, 344 (10th Cir. 1986) (Title VII case citing Nephew v. City of Aurora, 766 F.2d 1464, 1466 (10th Cir. 1985)), a § 1988 case subsequently reversed on other grounds, 830 F.2d 1547 (10th Cir. 1987) (en banc); nominal damage award entitled plaintiff to attorney fees); Garner v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 807 F.2d 1536, 1539 (11th Cir. 1987) (Title VII case; nominal damage award confers "prevailing party" status). But compare Huntley v. Community Sch. Bd., 579 F.2d 738, 742 (2d Cir. 1978) ( district court did not abuse discretion in determining that $100 damage award on procedural due process claim amounted, at most, to "moral victory") with Milwe v. Cavuoto, 653 F.2d 80, 84 (2d Cir. 1981) (nominal damage award on constitutional claim stemming from official misconduct "sufficient to support an award of fees") (alternate holding).

Much as the Fifth Circuit recently pointed out, however, in Estate of Farrar v. Cain, 941 F.2d 1311, 1317 (5th Cir. 1991), cert. granted sub nom. Farrar v. Hobby, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S.Ct. 1159, 117 L.Ed.2d 407 (1992), all of the cases cited above, except Scofield, antedate Texas Teachers as well as Hewitt v. Helms, 482 U.S. 755, 107 S.Ct. 2672, 96 L.Ed.2d 654 (1987), and Rhodes v. Stewart, 488 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 202, 102 L.Ed.2d 1 (1988) (Per Curiam). Furthermore, the courts of appeals which have been presented with the issue in the wake of Texas Teachers have drifted apart. Compare Romberg v. Nichols, 953 F.2d 1152, 1159 (9th Cir. 1992) ("a nominal damages award does not a nominal victory make"); Fassett by and through Fassett v. Haeckel, 936 F.2d 118, 122 (2d Cir. 1991) (fee award appropriate where nominal damages are recovered for deprivation of an absolute constitutional right) (citing Ruggiero v. Krzeminski, 928 F.2d 558, 564 (2d Cir. 1991)) with Estate of Farrar, 941 F.2d at 1315-17 (nominal damage award represents de minimis success where sole purpose of lawsuit was recovery of damages); Spencer v. General Electric Co., 894 F.2d 651, 662 (4th Cir. 1990) (dicta) (indicating that $1.00 judgment might constitute de minimis success absent any other favorable litigation result); Denny v. Hinton, 131 F.R.D. 659, 662-63 (M.D.N.C. 1990) (nominal damage award constitutes de minimis success), aff'd mem., Denny v. Elliott, 937 F.2d 602 (4th Cir. 1991), and Lawrence v. Hinton, 937 F.2d 603 (4th Cir. 1991). See also Brewer v. Chauvin, 938 F.2d 860, 864 (8th Cir. 1991) (citing Hogue v. Clinton, 791 F.2d 1318 (8th Cir. 1986)).

As Texas Teachers explains, in order for a claimant to qualify for "prevailing party" status the litigation must achieve, at a minimum, a "material alteration" in the legal relationship between the parties. Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 792, 109 S.Ct. at 1493. The Court in Texas Teachers limned its "material alteration" standard, in broad outline, through reference to two earlier cases, see id. (discussing Hewitt v. Helms, 482 U.S. 755, 107 S.Ct. 2672, 96 L.Ed.2d 654 (1987), and Rhodes v. Stewart, 488 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 202, 102 L.Ed.2d 1 (1988) (Per Curiam)), to which we now turn.

In Hewitt v. Helms, 482 U.S. 755, 107 S.Ct. 2672, 96 L.Ed.2d 654 (1987), a prison inmate commenced a section 1983 action for damages, as well as declaratory and injunctive relief, alleging due process violations by prison officials. Helms was released on parole prior to any decision by the district court, and the district court later entered summary judgment against Helms. The Third Circuit reversed on the ground that Helms had been denied due process. The court of appeals ordered the case remanded for entry of judgment in favor of Helms, except as to any defendant determined entitled to qualified immunity. Prior to the actual remand to the district court, however, the defendant prison officials secured a favorable Supreme Court decision dismissing one of Helms' claims. After remand from the Supreme Court, the Third Circuit reaffirmed its earlier holding on the other due process claim and again remanded to the district court on the issue of qualified immunity. On remand, Helms did not pursue injunctive relief. The district court once again entered summary judgment against Helms, on the ground that the defendants were immune from liability for damages, and denied a fee award under section 1988. The Third Circuit again reversed, on the ground that its earlier interlocutory ruling that Helms' due process rights had been violated constituted significant success.

The Supreme Court disagreed. Justice Scalia pointed out that Helms had obtained no relief whatever on any claim in litigation — no judgment, no damages, no injunctive relief, and no declaratory relief. "The most that he obtained was an interlocutory ruling that his complaint should not have been dismissed for failure to state a constitutional claim." Hewitt, 482 U.S. at 760, 107 S.Ct. at 2675 (emphasis added). The Supreme Court refused to equate the Third Circuit ruling with declaratory relief, since the interlocutory ruling could not conceivably alter the legal relationship between the parties in the face of a final judgment " against the plaintiff. . .," id. at 763, 107 S.Ct. at 2677 (emphasis added), and the litigation resulted in no other "relief" which " affect[ed] the behavior of the defendant[s] towards the plaintiff," id. at 761, 107 S.Ct. at 2676 (emphasis in original).

We are not persuaded that Hewitt can be considered analogous authority for withholding "prevailing party" status on the ground that a final judgment for nominal damages is no different than the Third Circuit interlocutory ruling declaring a violation of Helms' due process rights. Moreover, as the Court clearly explained in Hewitt:

Respect for ordinary language requires that a plaintiff receive at least some relief on the merits of his claim before he can be said to prevail. See Hanrahan v. Hampton, 446 U.S. 754, 757 [,100 S.Ct. 1987, 1989, 64 L.Ed.2d 670] (1980). Helms obtained no relief. Because of the defendants' official immunity he received no damages award. No injunction or declaratory judgment was entered in his favor. Nor did Helms obtain relief without benefit of a formal judgment — for example, through a consent decree or settlement. See Maher v. Gagne, 448 U.S. 122, 129 [,100 S.Ct. 2570, 2575, 65 L.Ed.2d 653] (1980). The most that he obtained was an interlocutory ruling that his complaint should not have been dismissed for failure to state a constitutional claim. That is not the stuff of which legal victories are made. Cf. Hanrahan, supra, [446 U.S.] at 758-59 [ 100 S.Ct. at 1990].

482 U.S. at 760, 107 S.Ct. at 2675-76.

The Fifth Circuit recently vacated a section 1988 fee award to plaintiffs whose only relief on the merits of their claims was a judgment for nominal damages, stressing "the principles set forth in [ Hewitt] and applied in Rhodes [ v. Stewart]. . . ." Estate of Farrar v. Cain, 941 F.2d at 1311, 1317 (5th Cir. 1991), cert. granted sub nom., Farrar v. Hobby, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S.Ct. 1159, 117 L.Ed.2d 407 (1992). With respect, and recognizing the closeness of the question, we would ascribe a somewhat different intendment to the principles enunciated in Hewitt and applied in Rhodes; that is, as not precluding "prevailing party" status for the claimant who obtains sufficient relief to effect a material alteration in the legal relationship out of which the claim for relief arose. In other words, we think the principles enunciated in Hewitt portend no significant departure from earlier Supreme Court criteria for determining "prevailing party" status on the part of a plaintiff who obtains an enforceable judgment for nominal damages on a significant constitutional claim.

The other Supreme Court case discussed in Texas Teachers is Rhodes v. Stewart, 488 U.S. 1, 109 S.Ct. 202, 102 L.Ed.2d 1 (1988) (Per Curiam), a section 1983 action in which two prison inmates obtained a judgment declaring that their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights had been violated by prison officials who failed to comply with prison administrative procedures regulating magazine subscriptions by inmates. The district court judgment ordered compliance and awarded attorney fees. The Sixth Circuit affirmed the section 1988 fee award. The Supreme Court reversed, observing that " [t]he case was moot before judgment issued, and the judgment therefore afforded the plaintiffs no relief whatsoever[,]" id. at 4, 109 S.Ct. at 203-04 (emphasis added), since one plaintiff-inmate died and the other was released from custody prior to judgment. Whatever relief other inmates might realize from the judgment, the plaintiffs, as former inmates, realized no relief and, therefore, were not entitled to "prevailing party" status. Id. Thus, we think Rhodes signifies no different result in the present context than would have been required under its predecessor, Hewitt.

At this point in our analysis, as we see it, the baseline standard for "prevailing party" status set out in Texas Teachers has been met. Domegan obtained an enforceable final judgment affording at least some relief against the defendant corrections officials who violated his procedural due process rights. Furthermore, we consider the nominal damage award not only "some relief on the merits" of a significant constitutional claim, see Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 792, 109 S.Ct. at 1493 (quoting Hewitt, 482 U.S. at 760, 107 S.Ct. at 2675), but relief commensurate with the intrinsically-nonpecuniary procedural due process deprivation established in litigation.

b. Purely Technical or de minimis Success

Notwithstanding the majority view prevailing among the courts of appeals — allowing section 1988 attorney fee awards based on an enforceable judgment for nominal damages — see supra at pp. 407-408, the residual "prevailing party" standard recently enunciated by a unanimous Court in Texas Teachers concededly gives us pause. The opinion cautioned that a district court might conclude that a civil rights claimant was not eligible for "prevailing party" status if the "success [achieved] on a legal claim can be characterized as purely technical or de minimis. . . ." Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 792, 109 S.Ct. at 1493. Under the de minimis success standard, therefore, we must determine whether an enforceable judgment awarding nominal damages on a procedural due process claim can effect a sufficiently material alteration in the parties' legal relationship to entitle the claimant to "prevailing party" status.

First, we examine the illustration of "purely technical or de minimis success" taken from the Texas Teachers case itself, where the plaintiff teachers' organizations successfully challenged a school policy forbidding teacher meetings during non-school hours absent prior approval from the school principal. The Court hypothesized that plaintiffs would not have qualified for "prevailing party" status on this basis alone, as "[t]he District Court [had] characterized this issue as 'of minor significance' and noted that there was ' no evidence that the plaintiffs were ever refused permission to use school premises during nonschool hours.'" Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 792, 109 S.Ct. at 1493 (quoting App. to Pet. for Cert. 60a n. 26) (emphasis added). Since there was no evidence that the particular school policy ever had been, or would be, applied, their successful challenge did not avail plaintiffs of sufficient "relief" to effect a "material alteration in the legal relationship between the parties." Compare Rhodes, 488 U.S. at 4, 109 S.Ct. at 203.

We interpret the Texas Teachers hypothetical to require some justiciable past, present or impending civil rights deprivation entitling the claimant to relief. Moreover, no matter how comprehensive the "relief" obtained by the claimant, unless the wrong occasioned or threatened by the challenged procedure is "significant" the alteration effected in the overall legal relationship out of which the claim arose will be considered too insubstantial to satisfy the "prevailing party" test. Thus, the success achieved may be ruled purely technical or de minimis if the civil rights violation is either too abstract or too remote in prospect for the "relief" obtained in litigation to have effected a material alteration in the relevant legal relationship between the parties.

The second illustration of "technical or de minimis success" is found in Naprstek v. City of Norwich, 433 F. Supp. 1369 (N.D.N.Y. 1977). See Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 792, 109 S.Ct. at 1493. Some years ago, Nadeau v. Helgemoe, 581 F.2d 275, 279 n. 3 (1st Cir. 1978) (Coffin, C.J.), cited Naprstek as a case in which fee shifting would have been inappropriate since "the grounds for attacking an antiquated and rarely enforced curfew statute [were found] to be 'more contrived than real.'" Id. (quoting Naprstek, 433 F. Supp. at 1370) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court in Texas Teachers essentially identified Naprstek as an example of a purely "technical" victory that neither prevented any significant risk of prospective wrongdoing nor vindicated any genuine previous or contemporaneous wrong.

These exemplars imply qualitative criteria for determining "technical or de minimis" success, requiring careful analysis of the materiality of the relief obtained in litigation to the wrong occasioned the claimant. If the wrong "redressed" was illusory or contrived, even comprehensive "relief" may amount to mere technical or de minimis success.

The third exemplar cited in Texas Teachers is New York City Unemployed and Welfare Council v. Brezenoff, 742 F.2d 718, 724 n. 4 (2d Cir. 1984) [hereinafter Brezenoff II], where the district court denied a section 1988 award because plaintiffs' success was considered purely technical or de minimis. In Brezenoff II, the constitutional violations alleged in the complaint were compared with the relief obtained in litigation. The plaintiff organization and some of its members launched a broadside against the regulatory framework through which the defendant agency allegedly fettered access to government buildings and restricted organizational activities inside government buildings. Ultimately, the only relief the plaintiffs obtained was an order requiring that at least one representative be permitted to move freely about the designated IMC reception area. A comparative analysis of the unconstitutional action and the relief obtained demonstrates that the lawsuit effected no material alteration in the relevant legal relationship out of which the litigation arose. The remedial alteration in the legal relationship between the parties amounted to a nick in the agency's regulatory armor. Neither the fabric nor the design of the regulatory framework was altered by the ruling — hardly an indictment of agency overdrafting — that one member of each organization must be allowed to walk about the reception area. Thus, the Court's citation to Brezenoff II illustrates that the success achieved may be considered technical or de minimis if the relief effected too insubstantial an alteration in the overall legal relationship out of which the litigation arose.

The fourth exemplar offered in Texas Teachers provides similar guidance. In Chicano Police Officers Ass'n v. Stover, 624 F.2d 127, 131 (10th Cir. 1980), the Tenth Circuit ruled that nuisance settlements do not represent "relief" of the sort required for "prevailing party" status. Its instruction is not unlike that found in a seminal First Circuit case. See Nadeau, 581 F.2d at 281 (action must not have been "frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless"). Furthermore, it is in the nature of nuisance settlements that the benefits tendered in settlement have less to do with the intrinsic merit of the claim than with the cost of defending against it.

The next guidepost in Texas Teachers is its admonition that the "degree of success" achieved in litigation goes to the reasonableness of the amount of the award and "not to the availability of a fee award vel non," Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 793, 109 S.Ct. at 1493; id. at 790, 109 S.Ct. at 1492; that is, not to the "prevailing party" determination. Texas Teachers clearly considers "degree of success" a non qualitative criterion relating exclusively to the amount of an award, rather than its availability.

Thus, Texas Teachers and its precursors are not prologue to the quantitative "prevailing party" test advocated by appellants. Instead, differences in the degree of success achieved are reflected in the amount awarded; whereas differences in kind, as suggested by the Court's articulation of the residual de minimis success standard ("significance," "materiality"), require qualitative assessments pertaining principally to the claimant's eligibility for a fee award. Throughout its discussion in Texas Teachers, and particularly its references to the "degree of success" achieved in litigation, see id. at 790, 793, 109 S.Ct. at 1492, 1493, the Court appears to intend a quantitative assessment of the claimant's success only in relation to the reasonableness of the amount of the fee awarded a "prevailing party."

The "prevailing party" criteria endorsed in Texas Teachers inquire whether the plaintiff (i) obtained relief on a significant claim in litigation, (ii) effecting a material alteration in the parties' legal relationship, (iii) that is not merely technical or de minimis in nature. See Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 791-93, 109 S.Ct. at 1492-93 (emphasis added). Whereas the "degree of success" achieved in litigation may affect the amount awarded, the third criterion for "prevailing party" status superimposes a residual limitary standard on its companion criteria designed to ensure that entitlement to an award will depend on the qualitative significance of the relief obtained, in terms of its materiality to the legal relationship which occasioned the unconstitutional action.

Domegan obtained a final judgment for damages on a significant constitutional claim. See Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 266, 98 S.Ct. 1042, 1054, 55 L.Ed.2d 252 (1978) (as procedural due process is an "absolute" right, its denial is actionable without proof of actual injury, because of "the importance to organized society that procedural due process be observed"). Although the monetary damage award is minuscule in amount, in the eyes of the law its remedial significance is substantial, as society recognizes the intrinsic deterrent effect in judgments against public officials who violate procedural due process rights guaranteed under the Constitution. See id. infra note 32; see also Memphis Community Sch. Dist. v. Stachura, 477 U.S. 299, 308 n. 11, 106 S.Ct. 2537, 2544 n. 11, 91 L.Ed.2d 249 (1986) (stating: Carey "makes clear that nominal damages . . . are the appropriate means of 'vindicating' rights whose deprivation has not caused actual, provable injury."). Thus, in these circumstances, the final judgment awarding nominal damages for violations of the inmate-plaintiff's absolute constitutional right to procedural due process cannot be characterized, in any legitimate qualitative sense, as "purely technical or de minimis success." Furthermore, since the procedural due process deprivation in the present case is not amenable to monetary reparation, a quantitative assessment of the relief obtained in litigation would defeat the congressional intent underlying the principles governing fee shifting in civil rights cases.

The Supreme Court made it abundantly clear in Texas Teachers that the ultimate monitor for the "prevailing party" test is congressional intent. Congress avowedly designed section 1988 to enable private citizens to vindicate civil rights violations in circumstances where the unlikelihood of significant financial recoveries would deter their remediation due to the otherwise unaffordable litigation costs.

If private citizens are to be able to assert their civil rights, and if those who violate the Nation's fundamental laws are not to proceed with impunity, then citizens must have the opportunity to recover what it costs them to vindicate these rights in court.

. . . .

. . . [F]ee awards are essential if the Federal statutes to which [ § 1988] applies are to be fully enforced. We find that the effects of such fee awards are ancillary and incident to securing compliance with these laws, and that fee awards are an integral part of the remedies necessary to obtain such compliance . . . .

It is intended that the amount of fees awarded under [§ 1988] . . . not be reduced because the rights involved may be nonpecuniary in nature. . . .

. . . If the cost of private enforcement actions becomes too great, there will be no private enforcement. If our civil rights laws are not to become mere hollow pronouncements which the average citizen cannot enforce, we must maintain the traditionally effective remedy of fee shifting in these cases.

S.Rep. No. 1011, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 2, 5, 6 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5908, 5910, 5913. See also Furtado v. Bishop, 635 F.2d 915, 919 (1st Cir. 1980) (emphasizing that § 1988 is meant to finance litigation in cases which apply (rather than create) legal rules, and stating that "pathbreaking holdings that will not be enforced are of limited public value," adding that "the 'principle' of enforcement is served by suits that 'merely' seek damages." (emphasis in original)).

Especially significant in the circumstances of the instant case is Congress' explicit pronouncement that "the amount of fees awarded under [§ 1988] . . . not be reduced because the rights involved may be nonpecuniary in nature." S.Rep. No. 1011, at 6, reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5913. As the Supreme Court similarly observed, "Congress enacted § 1988 specifically to enable plaintiffs to enforce the civil rights laws even where the amount of damages at stake would not otherwise make it feasible for them to do so . . . ." City of Riverside v. Rivera, 477 U.S. 561, 577, 106 S.Ct. 2686, 2696, 91 L.Ed.2d 466 (1986) (plurality op.).

Unless private citizens are to be denied "the opportunity to recover what it costs them to vindicate [their civil] rights in court," S.Rep. No. 1011, at 2, reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5910, contrary to the explicit intent of Congress and the instruction in Texas Teachers, an enforceable final judgment on a significant constitutional claim which materially alters the rights and responsibilities of the parties to the legal relationship in which the claim arose cannot be deemed "purely technical or de minimis" success simply because it vindicates a nonpecuniary deprivation. As we are persuaded that the nominal damage award effected a "material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties in a manner which Congress sought to promote in the fee statute," Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 792-93, 109 S.Ct. at 1493 (emphasis added), it cannot be deemed "purely technical or de minimis" success simply because the plaintiff sustained no injury of the sort traditionally considered amenable to compensatory damages.

c. "Sole Object" Test

Appellants vigorously urge, however, that no fee award should have been allowed, as Domegan did not sue for nominal damages but for substantial compensatory and punitive damages. Relying on Estate of Farrar v. Cain, 941 F.2d 1311 (5th Cir. 1991), cert. granted sub nom. Farrar v. Hobby, ___ U.S. ___, 112 S.Ct. 1159, 117 L.Ed.2d 407 (1922), appellants argue that Domegan's inability to establish an entitlement to compensatory or punitive damages required a determination that the nominal damage award represented de minimis success.

Appellants' contention runs counter to the formulation in Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 792-93, 109 S.Ct. at 1493, which precludes consideration of the "degree of success" in connection with the "prevailing party" test. de Jesus v. Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, 918 F.2d 232, 234 (1st Cir. 1990) (rejecting defendant's attempt to limit "prevailing party" status to plaintiffs "whose damage awards closely approximate the sums sought"). In Estate of Farrar, 941 F.2d 1311, the Fifth Circuit did not conclude and, we submit, could not have concluded, in light of Carey and the congressional intent underlying section 1988, that a nominal damage award invariably constitutes de minimis success. Rather, the court held: "when the sole object of a suit is to recover money damages, the recovery of one dollar is no victory under § 1988." Estate of Farrar, 941 F.2d at 1315 (emphasis added) ("This was no struggle over constitutional principles. It was a damage suit and surely so since plaintiffs sought nothing more.").

Respectfully, we are unable to agree that a bona fide civil rights action converts to a mere "damage suit" simply by an adjustment to the ad damnum, particularly where the claim can (but need not) be brought only for nominal damages based on an alleged deprivation of an "absolute" constitutional right. See Carey, 435 U.S. at 266, 98 S.Ct. at 1053-54; see also Stachura, 477 U.S. at 308 n. 11, 106 S.Ct. at 2544 n. 11. The present cause of action arose under the United States Constitution and was not converted into a mere tort claim for damages simply because Domegan demanded compensatory relief. See also Blanchard v. Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87, 96, 109 S.Ct. 939, 945, 103 L.Ed.2d 67 (1989) (rejecting "the notion that a civil rights action for damages constitutes nothing more than a private tort suit benefiting only the individual plaintiffs whose rights were violated") (quoting Rivera, 477 U.S. at 574, 106 S.Ct. at 2694 (plurality op.)).

Domegan did not deny culpability for the disciplinary charges which led to the AFP placement. Instead, he claimed that he was wrongfully placed and kept on the AFP without procedural due process. Accordingly, even if de facto isolation and an inadequate diet had caused provable injury amenable to monetary compensation, Domegan could not have established an entitlement to compensation for the substantive deprivation. See Carey, 435 U.S. at 260, 263, 98 S.Ct. at 1050, 1052; Rodriguez de Quinonez v. Perez, 596 F.2d 486, 491 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 840, 100 S.Ct. 78, 62 L.Ed.2d 51 (1979). The only wrong occasioned Domegan was the unconstitutional denial of his absolute right to procedural due process. Although a civil rights plaintiff may demand compensatory damages for mental and emotional distress resulting from a procedural due process deprivation, see Carey, 435 U.S. at 263-64, 98 S.Ct. at 1052 (damages for mental and emotional distress); Maldonado Santiago v. Velazquez Garcia, 821 F.2d 822, 829 (1st Cir. 1987) (same) (monetary damages are not presumed to flow from the violation). Carey, 435 U.S. at 260-64, 98 S.Ct. at 1050-52; id. at 263, 98 S.Ct. at 1052 ("[W]here a deprivation is justified but procedures are deficient, whatever distress a person feels may be attributable to the justified deprivation rather than to deficiencies in procedure.").

d. Summary

Supreme Court analysis on the sufficiency of the relief obtained in litigation invariably centers on its capacity to redress real wrongdoing. The Supreme Court has never ruled (nor adverted with approval to a case which has held) an award of fees improper under section 1988 merely because the monetary relief obtained in litigation was de minimis in amount. All cases adverted to in Texas Teachers involved circumstances in which the wrong established was more illusory than real, or the relief obtained in litigation was so insubstantial in relation to the relevant legal relationship as to be considered "purely technical or de minimis." Thus, "prevailing party" status in the instant case was neither precluded by the inability to obtain a compensatory damage award on the procedural due process claim, nor by the failure to establish liability on other claims, which are matters appropriately considered in assessing the reasonableness of the fee award. See Texas Teachers, 489 U.S. at 793, 109 S.Ct. at 1493-94; de Jesus, 918 F.2d at 234 (citing Texas Teachers).

Were we to conclude that a nominal damage award in a civil rights action based on a nonpecuniary deprivation represents mere de minimis success, we would rule out fee shifting under section 1988 notwithstanding that the claimant recovers an enforceable judgment on a significant constitutional claim. We find no warrant in Supreme Court caselaw for doing so. See Carey, 435 U.S. at 266, 98 S.Ct. at 1054 (procedural due process deprivation is actionable without proof of injury because the right to procedural due process is "absolute," and "because of the importance to organized society that procedural due process be observed."); see also Stachura, 477 U.S. at 380 n. 11, 106 S.Ct. at 2544 n. 11 (nominal damage award appropriate to vindicate rights whose infringement causes no "actual" injury). Thus, we do not understand Texas Teachers to condone (let alone require) disentitlement to "prevailing party" status merely because the final judgment redressing a procedural due process violation awards only nominal damages.

A nominal damage award based on a denial of the predeprivation process due the claimant whose culpability is later conceded presents a tantalizing candidate for characterization as "technical or de minimis success." Yet to do so would be to conclude that the constitutional violation itself was de minimis, which cannot be done under current Supreme Court caselaw, see, e.g., Carey, 435 U.S. at 266, 98 S.Ct. at 1054, our own precedent, see, e.g., Perez v. University of Puerto Rico, 600 F.2d 1, 2 (1st Cir. 1979), or the congressional intent underlying section 1988. We therefore conclude that "prevailing party" status is appropriate where the claimant establishes a significant procedural due process deprivation and obtains an enforceable nominal damage award against the responsible public officials.

2. Special Circumstances

Appellants argue that Domegan is entitled to no fee award, because he allegedly exhibited an "inexcusable reaching for fees" by submitting an inflated fee application. See Lewis v. Kendrick, 944 F.2d 949, 958 (1st Cir. 1991) (on rehearing). In Lewis, we denied a fee award where the application reflected (1) no "good faith" effort to exclude excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary hours, (2) no reduction for time spent on unsuccessful claims, and (3) no allowance for the limited "degree of success" achieved by the plaintiff. Id. at 957-58 (relying on Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434, 436, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 1940, 1941, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983)). On the other hand, the present fee request reflects reasonable regard for the concerns expressed in Lewis, as evidenced in part by the fact that the number of hours for which compensation was requested approximates only one third of the hours counsel devoted to the litigation. These self-imposed, pre-application cuts substantially anticipated virtually all of appellants' present contentions.

Appellants contend that the fee application inadequately reflected the limited "degree of success" achieved in litigation, as demonstrated by the sizeable reduction imposed by the district court, and, therefore, that the total compensation requested was inflated. Our review discloses, however, that appellants neither identify any substantial failure of "reasonable compliance with the judicial pronouncements" relating to fee requests, Lewis, 944 F.2d at 958 (on rehearing), nor challenge the veracity of the time sheets or the supporting affidavits. Although we conclude that further reductions are required, we discern no basis for questioning the bona fides of the fee application under the "special circumstances" exception.

3. Size of the Award

The fee application requested an award totaling $86,016.80 for legal services performed during the five-year period spanned by the litigation. The district court found "the rates and hours charged for various aspects of the case to be reasonable," but halved the request to reflect the limited degree of success achieved in litigation. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434-37, 103 S.Ct. at 1940-41. The $41,441.55 award purportedly allowed compensation only for the 388.5 hours "explicitly spent on the due process issue, the summary judgment motion, and the [interlocutory] appeal . . . ."

We review the reasonableness of the attorney fee award for abuse of discretion, finding an abuse "'when a material factor deserving significant weight is ignored, when an improper factor is relied upon, or when all proper and no improper factors are assessed, but the court makes a serious mistake in weighing them.'" Foster v. Mydas Assoc., Inc., 943 F.2d 139, 143 (1st Cir. 1991) (quoting Independent Oil Chem. Workers of Quincy, Inc. v. Proctor Gamble Mfg. Co., 864 F.2d 927, 929 (1st Cir. 1988)). "District courts have discretion when awarding fees and expenses under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, [ Hensley], and appellate courts accord deference to the exercise of that discretion." Grendel's Den, Inc. v. Larkin, 749 F.2d 945, 950 (1st Cir. 1984). The district court enjoys broad discretion in setting the amount of an attorney fee award. de Jesus v. Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, 951 F.2d 3, 5 (1st Cir. 1991) [hereinafter de Jesus II]; United States v. Metropolitan Dist. Comm'n, 847 F.2d 12, 14 (1st Cir. 1988). On an "abuse of discretion" review, the basis for the fee award is to be reviewed carefully, and we must ensure that the amount is reasonable, but "we normally prefer to defer to any thoughtful rationale and decision developed by a trial court and to avoid extensive second guessing." Grendel's Den, 749 F.2d at 950.

a. Disproportion

Appellants contend that the attorney fee award is grossly disproportionate to the one dollar damage award, particularly in light of the damages demanded. The amount of the monetary recovery is "certainly [a] relevant" factor to be considered in setting the size of an attorney fee, Rivera, 477 U.S. at 574, 106 S.Ct. at 2694 (plurality op.); Foley, 948 F.2d at 19-20 (amount of damages relevant to determination of reasonable fee; fee may be reduced when amount of damages sought is large but recovery small); Home Placement Serv., Inc. v. Providence Journal Co., 819 F.2d 1199, 1210 (1st Cir. 1987) ("recovery of only nominal damages can be cause for reducing a fee award if the litigation is not otherwise significant") (Clayton Act case); Perez, 600 F.2d at 2 (nominal damage award one factor that may affect amount of fee).

Nevertheless, disproportion alone does not render an award unreasonable, Rivera, 477 U.S. at 574, 106 S.Ct. at 2694 (plurality op.); id. at 585, 106 S.Ct. at 2699 (Powell, J., concurring); Foley v. City of Lowell, Mass., 948 F.2d 10, 20 (1st Cir. 1991) (reasonable fee may exceed damage recovery "several times over"), and a judgment for nominal damages may warrant a substantial fee award. Aubin v. Fudala, 782 F.2d 287, 290-91 (1st Cir. 1986) (suggesting intrinsic value in "simple declaration of violations of federal law."); Perez, 600 F.2d at 2 n. 2 (policy of awarding nominal fees for recovery of nominal damages would "handicap those seeking to assert civil rights to the same extent as denying fees altogether"); see also Ruggiero v. Krzeminski, 928 F.2d 558, 564 (2d Cir. 1991) (upholding $12,833.34 fee based on $1.00 damage award); Allen v. Higgins, 902 F.2d 682, 684-85 (8th Cir. 1990) ($10,000 fee based on $1.00 damage award); Home Placement Serv., 819 F.2d at 1212 (awarding $16,989 for portion of litigation relating to nominal damage award); McCann v. Coughlin, 698 F.2d 112, 129 (2d Cir. 1983) (that successful procedural due process claimant who recovered $1.00 damage award did not warrant reduction in attorney fee award of almost $50,000).

b. Summary Judgment

Appellants argue that the district court should not have allowed compensation for all legal services attributed to the summary judgment proceedings, since a significant portion went toward the unsuccessful Eighth Amendment claims, which appellants assert were wholly distinct from the successful due process claim. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434-35, 103 S.Ct. at 1940 (no compensation allowable for services on unsuccessful claims segregable from successful ones); Wojtkowski v. Cade, 725 F.2d 127, 130 (1st Cir. 1984) (same). The district court implicitly determined, however, that the due process and Eighth Amendment claims were interrelated. As its interrelatedness finding is adequately supported in the record, we see no abuse of discretion in the district court decision to forego the request to separate the time spent on interrelated claims where it would have been largely impracticable to do so. Aubin v. Fudala, 821 F.2d 45, 47 (1st Cir. 1987) [hereinafter Aubin II]; see Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435-36, 103 S.Ct. at 1940-41 (focusing on overall success when different claims are legally or factually intertwined); Nydam v. Lennerton, 948 F.2d 808, 812 (1st Cir. 1991) (no abuse of discretion where district court determined that successful and unsuccessful claims arose from core of common facts); Fishman v. Clancy, 763 F.2d 485, 491 (1st Cir. 1985) (same); see also Nydam, 948 F.2d at 813 (appellate court will not interfere "'[w]here . . . [a] district court [has] carefully weighed the correct factors and arrived at a result within a supportable range. . . .'") (quoting Wojtkowski, 725 F.2d at 131).

Appellants point to certain time-sheet entries which reflect services devoted to the successful "due process" claim or the unsuccessful Eighth Amendment claim. Of course, the interrelatedness finding is not undermined simply because it may have been practicable to discern some further, partial distinction between the services rendered on successful and unsuccessful claims. See Wagenmann v. Adams, 829 F.2d 196, 225 (1st Cir. 1987) (upholding interrelatedness finding, noting clearly segregable item on billing sheets); see also Aubin II, 821 F.2d at 47 ("It might not have been practical for the lawyers to allocate each hour among the several factually related legal claims.") (emphasis added). For example, a billing entry which distinguishes between legal research on different claims does not necessarily enable a clear allocation of fees where the different claims are factually intertwined. See, e.g., supra note 39. As these summary judgment claims were interrelated, appellants' complaint that compensation should not have been allowed because the time entries might have distinguished more sharply between the due process and Eighth Amendment claims is unavailing in the present circumstances. See Rivera, 477 U.S. at 570 n. 4, 106 S.Ct. at 2692 n. 4 (plurality op.) ("[W]hile it is true that some of the disputed time records do not identify the precise claims worked on at the time, we find this lapse unimportant, in light of the District Court's finding that all of respondents' claims were interrelated.").

The award of fees for professional services in the summary judgment proceedings must also be viewed in the context of the award as a whole. The district court awarded fees only for pretrial summary judgment services, the interlocutory summary judgment appeal, and the services specifically related to the due process claim. Consequently, due to the interrelatedness of the Eighth Amendment and due process claims, as a practical matter essentially no fee award was made for virtually all legal services devoted to pretrial discovery and to the trial itself, since such entries did not distinguish among interrelated claims. Furthermore, with the exception of the time devoted to the summary judgment proceedings and the related interlocutory appeal, the district court rationale ensured that counsel were penalized for any failure to segregate successful and unsuccessful claims on their billing sheets. Thus, the district court rationale affords counsel a substantial inducement to maintain detailed time records, wherever practicable clearly delineating the particular claims and issues to which the legal services related. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437, 103 S.Ct. at 1941 (billing records should enable court to identify distinct claims); see also Grendel's Den, 749 F.2d at 952 (substantial fee reduction appropriate if detailed contemporaneous time records not kept); Wojtkowski, 725 F.2d at 130 (billing sheets should distinguish between particular issues); Nadeau, 581 F.2d at 279 (same).

Careful review reassures us that the district court tailored its total award to reflect the value of the legal services in light of the time reasonably required for their performance and the degree of success achieved. Gabriele v. Southworth, 712 F.2d 1505, 1507 (1st Cir. 1983) ("Nor should the judge become so deluged with details that [s]he is unable to view the claims for fees in perspective. [S]he must retain a sense of overall proportion."). There was no abuse of discretion in determining the number of compensable hours. See United States v. Metropolitan Dist. Comm'n, 847 F.2d 12, 17 (1st Cir. 1988) (separation of "wheat from chaff" in fee award context is, "within broad limits," a matter for the district court's discretion).

c. Uniform Hourly Rates

Appellants assert error in the district court's approval of a uniform hourly rate for all legal services performed by each attorney regardless of the nature of the services rendered (e.g., research, conferencing, court appearances). In Maceira v. Pagan, 698 F.2d 38, 41 (1st Cir. 1983), we noted that, "while Miles v. Sampson, [ 675 F.2d 5, 9 (1st Cir. 1982),] upon which [appellants] rel[y], indicates the importance of using more than one rate when appropriate, it does not hold that differential rates are always required." Maceira, 698 F.2d at 41 (citing cases) (emphasis in original). Although it would have been within the bounds of the district court's broad discretion to assign differential rates for various legal services, appellants proposed no alternate rates and submitted no evidence that the rates charged by Procter Hoar were not reasonable. We find no abuse of discretion in the decision to forego differential rates in these circumstances.

d. Excessive Hours

Appellants contend that the 247 hours attributed to the summary judgment litigation, and the 152 hours to the related interlocutory appeal, were excessive. The hours determined compensable by the district court do not appear excessive on their face and no particular rationale is assigned in support of the allegation of excessiveness as it relates to the summary judgment litigation. We recognize that the district court was better situated to evaluate whether the time spent on these services was reasonably necessary. See Foley, 948 F.2d at 19 ("[A]n appellate tribunal lacks the means to replicate the trial court's first-hand knowledge of the litigation and its nuances."); Wagenmann, 829 F.2d at 224-25 (district court "has far greater familiarity than do we with how much was done, who did it, and how effectively the result was accomplished"); Chalmers v. Los Angeles, 796 F.2d 1205, 1211 (9th Cir. 1986) ("The district court is in the best position to determine in the first instance the number of hours reasonably expended in furtherance of the successful aspects of a litigation."). We therefore defer to the district court's informed judgment that the hours devoted to "various aspects of the case" were reasonably efficient and necessary.

e. Challenges to Particular Time-sheet Entries

Appellants contend that the fee award, contrary to the district court's own criteria, includes compensation for services not devoted to the summary judgment litigation, the interlocutory appeal, or the procedural due process claim. Appellants contest the allowance of compensation based on certain "mixed" entries which appear to combine hours devoted to compensable and noncompensable services.

Our concerns about ambiguous time-sheet entries are well recognized. See, e.g., Furtado v. Bishop, 635 F.2d 915, 922 (1st Cir. 1980) (disallowing compensation for "Conf[erence] G. Sousa and travel," since the entry did not indicate the time spent in conference and "we are disinclined to compensate an attorney at professional rates for travel time. . . ."). Accordingly, we have culled out, for disallowance on these grounds, various "mixed" entries to which appellants have called our attention, totaling $3,502.60. In other respects, we find that the district court's handling of various "mixed" time entries was well within its broad discretion. Metropolitan Dist. Comm'n, 847 F.2d at 17 (separation of "wheat from chaff," "within broad limits," is within the discretion of the district court).

Appellants challenge an apparent allowance of compensation based on "at least three" entries for research relating to interlocutory appellate review. As the defendant state officials unquestionably were entitled to an interlocutory appeal from the denial of their motion for partial summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds, appellants insist that no interlocutory appeal research was necessary. We remind appellants that there were two other appellate claims which they had no right to present on interlocutory appeal. See Domegan v. Fair, 859 F.2d 1059, 1061-62 (1st Cir. 1988) (no interlocutory appeal permitted on two of appellants' three claims). We have been given no reason to believe that the services rendered in connection with these three entries were unnecessary.

f. Computational Errors

Finally, appellants assign errors in the computation of the award, which require that the award be reduced by $165.60 (2.4 hours at $69.00 per hour); $295.00 (5.9 hours at $50.00 per hour); $484.50 (5.1 hours at $95.00 per hour), and increased by $90.00 (1 hour at $90.00) and $40.00 (.4 hours at $100.00).

The attorney fee award is reduced to $37,123.85. The district court judgment is affirmed, as modified; costs to appellee.