Summary
In Logan, 367 Mass. at 656-657, 327 N.E.2d 705, this court examined whether G. L. c. 269, § 10, as amended through St. 1972, c. 312, § 5 (unlawful firearms possession), was unconstitutionally vague because it failed to specify "a maximum limit on sentences thereunder."
Summary of this case from Commonwealth v. RossettiOpinion
February 3, 1975.
May 5, 1975.
Present: TAURO, C.J., REARDON, QUIRICO, BRAUCHER, HENNESSEY, JJ.
Constitutional Law, Due process of Law. Practice, Criminal, Sentence.
The provisions of G.L.c. 269, § 10, as amended through St. 1972, c. 312, § 5, prescribing minimum, but not maximum, sentences to imprisonment for second, third, and fourth violations of that section, were not so vague as to deny due process of law to a defendant indicted for such a violation; a maximum sentence of life imprisonment was to be presumed. [656-657]
INDICTMENT found and returned in the Superior Court on November 8, 1973.
An interlocutory report to the Appeals Court was made by Taveira, J. The Supreme Judicial Court granted a request for direct review.
Albert L. Hutton, Jr., for the defendant.
Alice E. Richmond, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
The defendant was indicted for a violation of G.L.c. 269, § 10, it being alleged in the said indictment that he had on a prior occasion been convicted of a like offense, i.e., "unlawfully carrying a firearm on his person," and another offense, i.e., "[u]nlawfully carrying a knife." The indictment was thus an allegation that this was the defendant's subsequent or second offense under § 10. General Laws c. 269, § 10, as amended through St. 1972, c. 312, § 5, provides in relevant part, "[o]r whoever, after having been convicted of any of the aforesaid offenses commits the like offense or any other of the aforesaid offenses, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for not less than five years, for a third such offense, by imprisonment in the state prison for not less than seven years, and for a fourth such offense, by imprisonment in the state prison for not less than ten years. The sentence imposed upon a person who, after a conviction of an offense under this paragraph, commits the same or a like offense, shall not be suspended, nor shall any person so sentenced be eligible for parole or receive any deduction from his sentence for good conduct." On a motion to dismiss the indictment, the trial judge did not rule but reported the case under G.L.c. 278, § 30A, prior to trial, on a series of questions. The defendant has waived argument on reported questions 1 and 2 dealing with the problem whether the statute constitutes cruel or unusual punishment, or cruel and unusual punishment, and prefers to argue the third question, which is, "Whether General Laws, Chapter 269, section 10 is [un]constitutionally vague and thereby deprives the defendant of due process of law in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and of Article 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights." The argument of the defendant is that "[c]itizens are entitled to know the penalties for proscribed conduct." The vice of the statute is said to lie in the absence of a maximum limit on sentences thereunder.
Section 10 has been amended by St. 1974, c. 649, § 2, to prescribe maximum as well as minimum sentences for subsequent offenders under § 10. By St. 1975, c. 4, the operation of the 1974 amendment was suspended until April 1, 1975. In any event, the amendment has no effect on this prosecution. G.L.c. 4, § 6, Second. Patrick v. Commissioner of Correction, 352 Mass. 666 (1967).
This argument flies in the face of a large body of law to the effect that failure to prescribe a maximum sentence for an offense does not invalidate a statute on constitutional grounds. Binkley v. Hunter, 170 F.2d 848, 849-850 (10th Cir. 1948), cert. den. 336 U.S. 926 (1949). Bacon v. People, 438 F.2d 637 (9th Cir. 1971). Earin v. Beto, 453 F.2d 376, 377 (5th Cir. 1972), cert. den. 406 U.S. 909 (1972). People v. McNabb, 3 Cal.2d 441, 444-445 (1935). Ex parte Davis, 412 S.W.2d 46, 50 (Tex. Cr. App. 1967). In California, which has a long history of indeterminate sentencing procedures, the argument advanced by the defendant has been examined on numerous occasions and the California courts have invariably upheld the statutes imposing minimum but not maximum sentences. See People v. McNabb, supra; People v. Sigel, 55 Cal.App.2d 279, 285 (1942); People v. Wells, 68 Cal.App.2d 476, 483 (1945). We find the reasoning of these cases persuasive. Under such a statute the maximum sentence permitted by the Legislature is presumed to be a life term so that the sentence cannot be said to be vague or uncertain. Binkley v. Hunter, supra. People v. McNabb, supra. This interpretation is not inconsistent with G.L.c. 279, § 24, for if the sentence imposed is other than for life the judge must still fix both a maximum and a minimum term under § 24.
As mentioned, we do not decide whether in a particular case a sentence imposed pursuant to the broad authorization in G.L.c. 269, § 10, might be so disproportionate to the offense as to constitute cruel and unusual punishment. See McDonald v. Commonwealth, 173 Mass. 322, 328 (1899), affd. 180 U.S. 311 (1901); Commonwealth v. Moore, 359 Mass. 509, 515 (1971); Commonwealth v. Morrow, 363 Mass. 601, 610-611 (1973); In re Lynch, 8 Cal.3d 410 (1972).
It follows that the answer to the reported question is "No." The case is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings.
So ordered.