Opinion
No. 08-96-00316-CV.
November 21, 1997.
Appeal from the 65th Judicial District, El Paso County, Edward Marquez, J.
Michael L. Aaronson, El Paso, for Appellant.
David Grant Halpern, Office of Attorney General, Tort Litigation Division, Austin, for Appellee.
Before BARAJAS, C.J., and LARSEN and CHEW, JJ.
OPINION
This is an appeal of summary judgment granted in favor of Appellee, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, finding that an agency of the State of Texas cannot be held liable for violation of the Texas Workers' Compensation Act, Anti-Retaliation Provision. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I. SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE
Appellant, Carmen Carrillo, had been employed as a secretary for Texas Tech since September of 1984. On November 20, 1989, Appellant sustained an on-the-job injury and she subsequently filed a workers' compensation claim. Appellant remained on leave without pay status in excess of one year. Texas Tech terminated Appellant on May 30, 1992. Appellant then filed a wrongful termination lawsuit against her employer, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. Texas Tech filed its Motion for Summary Judgment claiming that it was immune from such a claim because it is an agency of the state. The trial court granted the summary judgment on June 24, 1996. This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
This is a case of first impression, this Court having found no reported cases in which an agency of the State of Texas has been held liable for violation of the Texas Workers' Compensation Act, Anti-Retaliation Provision.
Texas Dep't of Health v. Ruiz, 960 S.W.2d 714 (Tex.App. — El Paso 1997, review denied) on appeal to the Supreme Court from this Court.
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center is an institution under the direction, management, and control of the Texas Tech University Board of Regents. TEX. EDUC.CODE ANN. ss 110.01, 110.02. Texas Tech and other State Universities are general agencies of the State of Texas and enjoy the protection of sovereign immunity. Lowe v. Texas Tech University, 540 S.W.2d 297 (Tex. 1976); Bagg v. University of Texas Medical Branch, 726 S.W.2d 582 (Tex.App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The waiver of sovereign immunity is a matter addressed to the Legislature, and the Legislature must waive sovereign immunity by clear and unambiguous language. City of LaPorte v. Barfield, 898 S.W.2d 288, 291 (Tex. 1995); Duhart v. State, 610 S.W.2d 740, 742 (Tex. 1980); Canutillo Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Olivares, 917 S.W.2d 494, 496 (Tex.App. — El Paso 1996, no writ). It is the Legislature's prerogative to waive sovereign immunity. Abraham Nee Ntreh v. Univ. of Texas at Dallas, 936 S.W.2d 649, 653 (Tex.App. — Dallas 1996), modified per curiam on other grounds, 947 S.W.2d 202 (Tex. 1997), citing University of Texas Med. Branch v. York, 871 S.W.2d 175, 177 (Tex. 1994).
In the instant case, we must determine whether Section 451.001 of the Texas Labor Code, the Anti-Retaliation Provision, waives the sovereign immunity of the State of Texas and thus allows a state employee to bring suit. The language of the Anti-Retaliation Law states:
Formerly codified as TEX.REV.STAT. ANN. art. § 8307c; currently codified as T EX. LAB.CODE ANN. § 451.001 (Vernon 1996).
A person may not discharge or in any other manner discriminate against an employee because the employee has:
(1) filed a workers' compensation claim in good faith;
(2) hired a lawyer to represent the employee in a claim;
(3) instituted or caused to be instituted in good faith a proceeding under Subtitle A; or
Subtitle A is the Texas Workers' Compensation Act.
(4) testified or is about to testify in a proceeding under Subtitle A.
TEX. LAB.CODE ANN. § 451.001 (Vernon 1996).
In Barfield, the Supreme Court was tasked to determine whether the Legislature had by clear and unambiguous language waived municipal immunity for the retaliatory termination claims. The Court commenced its discussion of sovereign immunity by stating:
One might suppose that this determination would be a relatively easy matter, and it would be, of course, had the Legislature ever stated, to take one extreme, that governmental immunity for retaliatory discharge claims is waived — in those exact words — just as it would be if, to take the other extreme, the Legislature had never broached the issue at all.
Id. at 291-92. The Supreme Court found that a waiver of immunity was based on how the Anti-Retaliation Provision was applied to political subdivisions, rather than finding that the Anti-Retaliation Provision expressly waived the municipality's immunity or that the adoption of the Anti-Retaliation Provision through the Political Subdivisions Law waived immunity. Id. at 293-96.
The Court found that the Legislature waived governmental immunity for political subdivisions because of the presence in the Political Subdivisions Act of two different election of remedies provisions, one present in the 1981 Act and another in the Act of 1989. At Section 3(a)(5) of the 1981 version of the Political Subdivisions Act, an election of remedies provision required political subdivisions to elect between employees filing under the Anti-Retaliation Act, or providing them another remedy by charter or ordinance for ultimate access to the district court for wrongful discharge. Id. at 295. The Court stated, "Absent a clear expression of intent to waive immunity completely, we do not construe Section 3(a)(5) to waive immunity for relief other than what cities might themselves elect to provide to avoid application of the Anti-Retaliation Law." Id. at 297. In effect, this election provision waived sovereign immunity for limited relief.
The Court, in focusing on the election-of-remedies provisions found in the Political Subdivisions Act, stated as follows:
Formerly codified as T EX.REV.STAT. ANN. art. 8309h, § 3 is now codified at TEX. LAB.CODE. ANN. § 504.003 (Vernon 1996).
Finally, both the 1989 and 1993 versions of the Political Subdivisions Law required an election between an action for a violation of the Anti-Retaliation Law and an action for the Whistleblower Act. Since immunity has clearly been waived for the latter statute, . . . the requirement of an election suggests that immunity is also waived for the former. . . . The Anti-Retaliation Law and the Whistleblower Act are not, of course, coextensive, but to the extent they might both apply in a situation, it would make little sense to require an employee to elect between an action barred by immunity and one not barred.
* * * * * *
This election-of-remedies provision . . . persuades us, in the end, that the Legislature must have intended to waive political subdivisions' immunity for liability imposed by the Anti-Retaliation Law.
Id. at 298; Canutillo Indep. Sch. Dist., 917 S.W.2d at 496-97.
This election-of-remedies provision found in the Political Subdivision Act is not present in the current statute, or its predecessors, as being applicable to agencies of the State of Texas. As stated above, the Supreme Court found a waiver of immunity for political subdivisions only because of the election-of-remedies provisions included in the Political Subdivisions Law, as codified previously and currently. There is no election provision in the 1981 version of Article 8309h, which would apply in this case since Appellee was terminated in 1992. The absence of a corresponding provision in the state application statute persuades this Court to conclude that there is no clear and unambiguous intent to waive sovereign immunity for agencies of the State of Texas. On review, we have extensively examined other pertinent statutes in which the Texas Legislature has provided a clear intent to waive sovereign immunity. Using those statutes as a guide, we fail to find the same clear and unambiguous language in the instant statute. The clearest expression of Legislative intent waiving sovereign immunity is found in the Texas Tort Claims Act. Although this is not an absolute waiver, it does provide clear guidance that when the Legislature wishes to express its intent in clear and unambiguous language it can do so. Section 101.025 of the Texas Tort Claims Act states:
Formerly codified as TEX.REV.STAT. ANN. art. 8309g; currently codified as TEX. LAB.CODE ANN. §§ 501.001-501.050 (Vernon 1996).
There is no election of remedies provision provided for in either the 1989 or 1993 Act dealing with state agencies.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. §§ 101.001-101.109 (Vernon 1997).
(a) Sovereign immunity to suit is waived and abolished to the extent of liability created by this chapter.
(b) A person having a claim under this chapter may sue a governmental unit for damages allowed by this chapter.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 101.025 (Vernon 1997). In the next section, the Legislature again expressed its intent by preserving an individual employee's immunity. Section 101.026, entitled Individual's Immunity Preserved, states:
To the extent an employee has individual immunity from a tort claim for damages, it is not affected by this chapter.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 101.025 (Vernon 1997). The Act also provides for what types of acts the government is liable and expresses a limitation on the amount of any such liability. As noted above, in the statute at issue in the instant case, we do not find the clear and unambiguous waiver of immunity the Legislature has seen fit to supply in the Texas Tort Claims Act.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 101.021 (Vernon 1997).
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 101.023 (Vernon 1997).
Other acts clearly show the Legislature's intent concerning immunity. For instance, Chapter 75 of the Texas Civil Practice Remedies Code, entitled Limitation of Landowners' Liability, was amended in 1995 to add Subsection (f) which plainly states, "[t]his chapter does not waive sovereign immunity." Texas Water Code, Section 55.204, entitled Waiver of District Tort Immunity, states in pertinent part, "[i]f the board finds that it is in the best interest of the district . . . it may enter into a written contract to waive in advance the district's immunity from liability in damages. . . ." The Texas Family Code, Section 54.044, reads in part, "[t]his subsection does not waive a defense, immunity, or jurisdictional bar available to the municipality or county or its officers or employees, nor shall this section be construed to waive, repeal, or modify any provision of Chapter 101, Civil Practice and Remedies Code."
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 75.001 et seq. (Vernon 1997).
T EX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 75.003 (f)(Vernon 1997).
TEX. WATER CODE ANN. § 55.204 (Vernon 1972).
T EX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 54.044 (d)(Vernon 1996).
The Government Code also refers to sovereign immunity. Section 403.076, entitled Tax Refunds, states in part:
(I) This section is not a waiver of sovereign immunity for a refund suit. A person claiming a refund may not seek or obtain judicial review of a determination by the agency with which a refund claim is filed or by the agency having the responsibility to make a refund relating to the refund claim unless the legislature by resolution grants permission for a person to seek judicial review of the determination.
TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 403.076(i)(Vernon 1990). While Section 404.103 reads, "and the state expressly waives all defenses of governmental immunity by and on behalf of the trust company. . . . However, this provision does not alter or affect the immunity accorded to state officials and employees under state law." TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 404.103 (Vernon 1990). The Legislature also provided for clear and unequivocal waiver of sovereign immunity when drafting the Whistleblower Act. The Act provides:
TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 554.001 et seq. (Vernon Supp. 1997).
Section 554.0035. Waiver of Immunity
A public employee who alleges a violation of this chapter may sue the employing state or local governmental entity for the relief provided by this chapter. Sovereign
immunity is waived and abolished to the extent of liability for the relief allowed under this chapter for a violation of this chapter.
TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 554.0035 (Vernon Supp. 1997). The government code also expresses a clear intent to waive governmental immunity in Sections 2007.004 and 2007.024. While Section 612.002 expressly states, "(e) This section does not waive state immunity from liability for the torts of negligence of its employees." TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 612.002 (Vernon 1994). Again, it is clear that the Legislature uses clear language to suggest whether immunity is or is not waived.
In Section 2007.004 of the Government Code, it provides:
Waiver of Governmental Immunity; Permission to Sue
(a) Sovereign immunity to suit and liability is waive and abolished to the extent of liability created by this chapter.
(b) This section does not authorize a person to execute a judgment against property of the state or a governmental entity.
Tex. Gov't C ODE A NN. § 2007.004 (Vernon Pamph. 1997). While Section 2007.024 provides in part:
(c) A governmental entity may elect to pay the damages as compensation to the private real property owner who prevails in a suit or contested case filed under this subchapter. Sovereign immunity to liability is waived to the extent the governmental entity elects to pay compensation under this subsection.
Tex. Gov't C ODE A NN. § 2007.024 (Vernon Pamph. 1997).
Other codes also contain language demonstrating the Legislature's clear intent. The Health and Safety Code contains Section 756.061(c), which simply states that this section:
(1) does not create, increase, decrease, or otherwise affect a person's liability for damages for injury, death, or other harm caused by playground equipment, surfacing, or the installation of the equipment or surfacing; and
(2) is not a waiver of sovereign immunity of any governmental entity.
TEX. HEALTH SAFETY CODE ANN. § 756.061(c)(Vernon Supp. 1997). The Natural Resource Code, Section 52.035, entitled Agreements With U.S. Government, provides that the governor "may agree to waive sovereign immunity and other defenses as prescribed by this section, and may agree to indemnify the United States government. . . ." While Subsection (c) clearly provides:
T EX. NAT. RES.CODE ANN. § 52.035(a)(Vernon Supp. 1997).
(c) The state waives its right to claim sovereign immunity in any action commenced against the state for unauthorized disclosure of the confidential information obtained from the Department of the Interior under an agreement executed by the governor under Subsection (a) of this section, and waives its right to claim that an employee who revealed privileged information was acting outside the scope of employment by disclosing the information.
TEX. NAT. RES.CODE ANN. § 52.035(c)(Vernon Supp. 1997). The Transportation Code simply states that Section 201.106 "is not a waiver of immunity of the state from liability for the torts or negligence of an officer or employee of this state." TEX. TRANSP. CODE A NN. § 201.106 (Vernon 1997). The Red River Compact, contained in the Water Code, Section 46.013 provides that nothing in this compact shall be deemed to "[w]aive any state's immunity under the Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, or as constituting the consent of any state to be sued by its own citizens." TEX.WATER CODE ANN. § 46.013 (Vernon 1988)[The Red River Compact at 2.10(c) ]. The Caddo Lake Compact in contrast, states:
(c) Should Louisiana, or one of its political subdivisions, unilaterally raise the Caddo Lake spillway level without obtaining flowage easements in Texas, Louisiana would have the right to all water made available by the enlargement; provided, however, this provision constitutes an express waiver of any sovereign immunity or Eleventh Amendment defenses which might otherwise be available to the State of Louisiana in an action for damages by a Caddo Lake property owner in Texas for damage resulting from such action.
TEX. WATER CODE ANN. § 47.011 (Vernon 1988)[The Caddo Lake Compact at 8(c) ].
From an exhaustive examination of the Anti-Retaliation Provision, as well as all other codes in which sovereign immunity has been waived, we find that although the Legislature clearly possesses the ability, if not the duty under certain circumstances, to provide clear and unambiguous language concerning the waiver of such immunity, it wholly failed to do so in the statute at issue before this Court. While we find that the result is harsh, we note that respect for the constitutional principle of separation of powers properly prohibits us from legislating such a waiver of immunity where no clear intent has been shown. Rather, we are to be guided by the Texas Legislature or the Texas Supreme Court. Accordingly, Appellant's Point of Error No. One is overruled.
Having overruled Appellant's sole point of error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.